Abstract
This article systematically reviews epidemiological studies on sports injury from 1977 to 2005 in which ankle injury was included. A total of 227 studies reporting injury pattern in 70 sports from 38 countries were included. A total of 201 600 patients were included, with 32 509 ankle injuries. Ankle injury information was available from 14 098 patients, with 11 847 ankle sprains. Results show that the ankle was the most common injured body site in 24 of 70 included sports, especially in aeroball, wall climbing, indoor volleyball, mountaineering, netball and field events in track and field. Ankle sprain was the major ankle injury in 33 of 43 sports, especially in Australian football, field hockey, handball, orienteering, scooter and squash. In sports injuries throughout the countries studied, the ankle was the second most common injured body site after the knee, and ankle sprain was the most common type of ankle injury. The incidence of ankle injury and ankle sprain was high in court games and team sports, such as rugby, soccer, volleyball, handball and basketball. This systematic review provides a summary of the epidemiology of ankle injury in sports.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
de Loes M, Goldie I. Incidence rate of injuries during sport activity and physical exercise in a rural Swedish municipality: incidence rates in 17 sports. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9 (6):461–7
Dekker R, Kingma J, Groothoff JW, et al. Measurement of severity of sports injuries: an epidemiological study. Clin Rehabil 2000; 14 (6): 651–6
Holmer P, Sondergaard L, Konradsen L, et al. Epidemiology of sprains in the lateral ankle and foot. Foot Ankle Int 1994; 15(2), 72–4
Michaud P A, Renaud A, Narring F. Sports activities related to injuries? A survey among 9–19 year olds in Switzerland. Int Prev 2001; 7 (1): 41–5
Garrick JG. Prevention of sports injuries. Postgrad Med 1972; 51 (1), 125–9
Parkkari J, Kujala UM, Kannus P. Is it possible to prevent sports injuries? Review of controlled clinical trials and recommendations for future work. Sports Med 2001; 31 (14): 985–95
Thacker SB, Stroup DF, Branche CM, et al. The prevention of ankle sprains in sports: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27 (6): 753–60
Roser LA, Clawson DK. Football injuries in the very young athlete. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1970; 69: 219–23
MacIntosh DL, Skrien T, Shephard RJ. Athletic injuries at the University of Toronto. Med Sci Sports 1971; 3 (4): 195–9
Garrick JG, Requa RK. Role of external support in the prevention of ankle sprains. Med Sci Sports 1973; 5 (3): 200–3
Garrick JG. The frequency of injury, mechanism of injury, and epidemiology of ankle sprains. Am J Sports Med 1977; 5 (6):241–2
Garrick JG, Gillien DM, Whiteside P. The epidemiology of aerobic dance injuries. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14 (1): 67–72
Garrick JG, Requa RK. Injury patterns in children and adolescent skiers. Am J Sports Med 1979; 7 (4): 245–8
Garrick JG, Requa RK. Epidemiology of women’s gymnastics injuries. Am J Sports Med 1980; 8 (4): 261–4
Garrick JG, Requa RK. Ballet injuries. An analysis of epidemiology and financial outcome. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (4):586–90
Garrick JG, Requa RK. The epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries in sports. Clin Sports Med 1988; 7 (1): 29–36
Barker HE, Beynnon BD, Renstrom P A. Ankle injury risk factors in sports. Sports Med 1997; 23 (2): 69–74
Beynnon BD, Renstrom PA, Alosa DM, et al. Ankle ligament injury risk factors: a prospective study of college athletes. J Orthop Res 2001; 19 (2): 213–20
de Bie RA, de Vet HC, van den Wildenberg FA, et al. The prognosis of ankle sprains. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18 (4):285–9
MacAuley D. Ankle injuries: same joint, different sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (7 Suppl.): S409–11
Yeung MS, Chan KM, So CH, et al. An epidemiological survey on ankle sprain. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28 (2): 112–6
McLennan JG, Ungersma J. Mountaineering accidents in the Sierra Nevada. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11 (3): 160–3
Yde J, Nielsen AB. Sports injuries in adolescents’ ball games: soccer, handball and basketball. Br J Sports Med 1990; 24 (1):51–4
Verhagen EA, Van der Beek AI, Bouter LM, et al. A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (4): 477–81
Sullivan JA, Gross RH, Grana W A, et al. Evaluation of injuries in youth soccer. Am J Sports Med 1980; 8 (5): 325–7
Jacobson BH, Redus B, Palmer T. An assessment of injuries in college cheerleading: distribution, frequency, and associated factors. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (4): 237–40
Kirialanis P, Malliou P, Beneka A, et al. Injuries in artistic gymnastic elite adolescent male and female athletes. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil 2002; 16 (4): 145–51
Janda DH, Wojtys EM, Hankin FM, et al. A three-phase analysis of the prevention of recreational softball injuries. Am J Sports Med 1990; 18 (6): 632–5
Wheeler BR. Slow-pitch softball injuries. Am J Sports Med 1984; 12 (3): 237–40
Wikstrom J, Andersson C. A prospective study of injuries in licensed floor ball players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997; 7 (1):38–42
Berson BL, Rolnick AM, Ramos CG, et al. An epidemiologic study of squash injuries. Am J Sports Med 1981; 9 (2): 103–6
Linko PE, Blormerg HK, Frilander HM. Orienteering competition injuries: injuries incurred in the Finnish Jukola and Venlarelay competitions. Br J Sports Med 1997; 31 (3): 205–8
Mankovsky AB, Mendoza-Sagaon M, Cardinaux C, et al. Evaluation of scooter-related injuries in children. J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37 (5): 755–9
Brynhildsen J, Ekstrand J, Jeppsson A, et al. Previous injuries and persisting symptoms in female soccer players. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11 (6): 489–92
Dubravcic-Simunjak S, Pecina M, Kuipers H, et al. The incidence of injuries in elite junior figure skaters. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (4): 511–7
Orchard J, Wood T, Seward H, et al. Comparison of injuries in elite senior and junior Australian football. J Sci Med Sport1998; 1 (2): 83–8
Gerrard DF, Waller AE, Bird YN. The New Zealand rugby injury and performance project: II. Previous injury experience of a rugby-playing cohort. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28 (4):229–33
Murtaugh K. Injury patterns among female field hockey players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (2): 201–7
Seil R, Rupp S, Terrpelhof S, et al. Sports injuries in team handball. A one-year prospective study of sixteen men’s senior teams of a superior nonprofessional level. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26 (5): 681–7
Gerber JP, Williams GN, Scoville CR, et al. Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains: a prospective examination of an athletic population. Foot Ankle Int 1998; 19 (10): 653–60
Woods C, Hawkins R, Hulse M, et al. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. An analysis of ankle sprains. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (3): 233–8
van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kerröper HCG. Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries: a review of concepts. Sports Med 1992; 14 (2): 82–99
Bahr R, Holme I. Risk factors for sports injuries: a methodological approach. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (5): 384–92
Giza E, Fuller C, Junge A, et al. Mechanisms of foot and ankle injuries in soccer. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (4): 550–4
Aguinaldo A, Mahar A. Impact loading in running shoes with cushioning column systems. J Appl Biomech 2003; 19 (4):353–60
Osborne MD, Rizzo TD. Prevention and treatment of ankle sprain in athletes. Sports Med 2003; 33 (15): 1145–50
Cordova ML, Ingersoll CD, Palmieri RM. Efficacy of prophylactic ankle support: an experimental perspective. J Athl Train 2002; 37 (4): 446–57
Karlsson J, Andreasson GO. The effect of external ankle support in chronic lateral ankle joint instability: an electromyographic study. Am J Sports Med 1992; 20 (3): 257–61
Fordham S, Garbutt G, Lopes P. Epidemiology of injuries in adventure racing athletes. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (3): 300–3
Sinha A, McGlone RG, Montgomery K. Study of aeroball injuries. Br J Sports Med 1997; 31 (3): 200–4
Canale ST, Cantler ED, Sisk TD, et al. A chronicle of injuries of an American intercollegiate football team. Am J Sports Med 1981; 9 (6): 384–9
Peterson L, Junge A, Chomiak J, et al. Incidence of football injuries and complaints in different age groups and skill-level groups. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28 (5 Suppl.): S51–7
Stuart MJ, Morrey MA, Smith AM, et al. Injuries in youth football: a prospective observational cohort analysis among players aged 9 to 13 years. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77 (4):317–22
Taylor BL, Attia MW. Sports-related injuries in children. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7 (12): 1376–82
Baltzer AW, Ghadamgahi PD, Granrath M, et al. American football injuries in Germany: first results from Bundesliga football. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1997; 5 (1):46–9
Chomiak J, Junge A, Peterson L, et al. Severe injuries in football players: influencing factors. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28 (5Suppl.): S58–68
Damore DT, Metzl JD, Ramundo M, et al. Patterns in childhood sports injury. Pediatr Emerg Care 2003; 19 (2): 65–7
Delee JC, Farney WC. Incidence of injury in Texas high school football. Am J Sports Med 1992; 20 (5): 575–80
Hoffman MD, Lyman KA. Medical needs at high school football games in Milwaukee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1988; 10(5), 167–71
Karpakka J. American football injuries in Finland. Br J Sports Med 1993; 27 (2): 135–7
Marshall SW, Waller AE, Dick RW, et al. An ecologic study of protective equipment and injury in two contact sports. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31 (3): 587–92
Braham R, Finch CF, McIntosh A, et al. Community level Australian Football: a profile of injuries. J Sci Med Sport 2004;7 (1), 96–105
Gabbe B, Finch C. A profile of Australian football injuries presenting to sports medicine clinics. J Sci Med Sport 2001; 4(4),386–95
Gabbe B, Finch C, Wajswelner H, et al. Australian football: injury profile at the community level. J Sci Med Sport 2002; 5(2), 149–60
Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Wajswelner H, et al. Predictors of lower extremity injuries at the community level of Australian football. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14 (2): 56–63
Chard MD, Lachmann SM. Racquet sports: patterns of injury presenting to a sports injury clinic. Br J Sports Med 1987; 21(4), 150–3
Fahlstrom M, Bjornstig U, Lorentzon R. Acute badminton injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998; 8 (3): 145–8
Jorgensen U, Winge S. Epidemiology of badminton injuries. Int J Sports Med 1987; 8 (6): 379–82
Kroner K, Schmidt SA, Nielsen AB, et al. Badminton injuries. Br J Sports Med 1990; 24 (2): 169–72
Zelisko JA, Noble HE, Porter M. A comparison of men’s and women’s professional basketball injuries. Am J Sports Med 1982; 10 (5): 297–9
Chan KM, Fu F, Leung L. Sports injuries survey on university students in Hong Kong. Br J Sports Med 1984; 18 (3): 195–202
Olan KM, Yuan Y, Li CK, et al. Sports causing most injuries in Hong Kong. Br J Sports Med 1993; 27 (4): 263–7
Dane S, Can S, Gursoy R, et al. Sport injuries: relations to sex, sport, injured body region. Percept Mot Skills 2004; 98 (2):519–24
DeHaven KE, Lintner DM. Athletic injuries: comparison by age, sport, and gender. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14 (3): 218–24
Gomez E, DeLee JC, Farney WC. Incidence of injury in Texas girls’ high school basketball. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (5):684–7
McKay GD, Payne WR, Goldie P A, et al. A comparison of the injuries sustained by female basketball and netball players. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1996; 28 (1): 12–7
McKay GD, Goldie PA, Payne WR, et al. A prospective study of injuries in basketball: a total profile and comparison by gender and standard of competition. J Sci Med Sport 2001; 4 (2):196–211
Meeuwisse WH, Sellmer R, Hagel BE. Rates and risks of injury during intercollegiate basketball. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31(3), 379–85
Messina DF, Farney WC, DeLee JC. The incidence of injury in Texas high school basketball: a prospective study among male and female athletes. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27 (3): 294–9
Prebble TB, Chyou PH, Wittman L, et al. Basketball injuries in a rural area. Wis Med J 1999; 98 (7): 22–4
Sorensen L, Larsen SE, Rock ND. The epidemiology of sports injuries in school-ages children. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996;6 (5), 281–6
Starkey C. Injuries and illnesses in the National Basketball Association: a 10-year. J Athl Train 2000; 35 (2): 161–7
Romaine LJ, Davis SE, Casebolt K, et al. Incidence of injury in kick boxing participation. J Strength Cond Res 2003; 17 (3):580–6
Jacobson BH, Hubbard M, Redus B, et al. An assessment of high school cheerleading: injury distribution, frequency, and associated factors. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004; 34 (5):261–5
Schulz M, Marshall S, Yang J, et al. A prospective cohort study of injury incidence and risk factors in North Carolina High School competitive cheerleaders. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(2),396–405
Gregory PL, Batt ME, Wallace W A. Comparing injuries of spin bowling with fast bowling in young cricketers. Clin J Sport Med 2002; 12 (2): 107–12
Collins K, Wagner M, Peterson K, et al. Overuse injuries in triathletes: a study of the 1986 Seafair Triathlon. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17 (5): 675–80
Weiss BD. Nontraumatic injuries in amateur long distance bicyclists. Am J Sports Med 1985; 13 (3): 187–92
Bronner S, Brownstein B. Profile of dance injuries in a Broadway show: a discussion of issues in dance medicine epidemiology. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997; 26 (2): 87–94
Byhring S, Bo K. Musculoskeletal injuries in the Norwegian national balley: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002; 12 (6): 365–70
Nilsson C, Leanderson J, Wykman A, et al. The injury panorama in a Swedish professional ballet company. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001; 9 (4): 242–6
Rothenberger LA, Chang IT, Cable T A. Prevalence and types of injuries in aerobic dancers. Am J Sports Med 1988; 16 (4):403–7
Tuffery AR. The nature and incidence of injuries in morris dancers. Br J Sports Med 1989; 23 (3): 155–60
Wiesler ER, Hunter M, Martin DF, et al. Ankle flexibility and injury patterns in dancers. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (6):754–7
Petridou E, Kedikoglou S, Belechri M, et al. The mosaic of equestrian-related injuries in Greece. J Trauma 2004; 56 (3):643–7
Gael A, Addison AKL. Fell walking injuries in Cumbria: a review. Br J Sports Med 1992; 26 (3): 143–14
Williamson DM, Lowdon IM. Ice-skating injuries. Injury 1986; 17 (3), 205–7
Collins RK. Injury patterns in women’s intramural flag football. Am J Sports Med 1987; 15 (3): 238–42
Snellman K, Parkkari J, Kannus P, et al. Sports injuries in floorball: a prospective one-year follow-up study. Int J Sports Med 2001; 22 (7): 531–6
Cromwell F, Walsh J, Gormley J. A pilot study examining injuries in elite gaelic footballers. Br J Sports Med 2000; 34(2), 104–8
Batt ME. A survey of golf injuries in amateur golfers. Br J Sports Med 1992; 26 (1): 63–5
Gosheger G, Liem D, Ludwig K, et al. Injuries and overuse syndromes in golf. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (3): 438–43
Kirialanis P, Malliou P, Beneka A, et al. Occurrence of acute lower limb injuries in artistic gymnasts in relation to event and exercise phase. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (2): 137–9
Kolt GS, Kirkhy RJ. Epidemiology of injury in elite and subelite female gymnasts: a comparison of retrospective and prospective findings. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33 (5): 312–8
Lindner KJ, Caine DJ. Injury patterns of female competitive club gymnasts. Can J Sport Sci 1990; 15 (4): 254–61
Tenvergert EM, Ten Duis HJ, Klasen HJ. Trends in sports injuries, 1982–1988: an in-depth study on four types of sport. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1992; 32 (2): 214–20
Wadley GH, Albright JP. Women’s intercollegiate gymnastics: injury patterns and “permanent” medical disability. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (2): 314–20
Jorgensen U. Epidemiology of injuries in typical Scandinavian team sports. Br J Sports Med 1984; 18 (2): 59–63
Nielsen AB, Yde J. An epidemiologic and traumatologic study of injuries in handball. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9 (5): 341–4
Crowley PJ, Condon KC. Analysis of hurling and camogie injuries. Br J Sports Med 1989; 23 (3): 183–5
Watson AW. Sports injuries in the game of hurling: a one-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (3): 323–8
Flik K, Lyman S, Marx RG. American collegiate men’s ice hockey. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (2): 183–7
Jorgensen U, Schmidt-Olsen S. The epidemiology of ice hockey injuries. Br J Sports Med 1986; 20 (1): 7–9
Molsa J, Airaksinen O, Nasman O, et al. Ice hockey injuries in Finland: a prospective epidemiological study. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25 (4): 495–9
Pettersson M, Lorentzon R. Ice hockey injuries: a 4-year prospective study of a Swedish elite ice hockey team. Br J Sports Med 1993; 27 (4): 251–4
Schick DM, Meeuwisse WH. Injury rates and profiles in female ice hockey players. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (1): 47–52
Waller AE, Daniels JL, Weaver NL, et al. Jockey injuries in the United States. JAMA 2000; 283 (10): 1326–8
Nickel C, Zernial O, Musahl V, et al. A prospective study of kite surfing injuries. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (4): 921–7
Hinton RY, Lincoln AE, Almquist JL, et al. Epidemiology of lacrosse injuries in high school-aged girls and boys: a 3-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (9): 1305–14
Cummings RS, Shurland AT, Prodoehl JA, et al. Injuries in the sport of luge: epidemiology and analysis. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25 (4): 508–13
Maughan RJ, Miller JDB. Incidence of training-related injuries among marathon runners. Br J Sports Med 1983; 17 (3): 162–5
Burks JB, Satterfield K. Foot and ankle injuries among martial artists: results of a survey. J Am Padiatr Med Assoc 1998; 88(6), 268–78
Colburn NT, Meyer RD. Sports injury or trauma? Injuries of the competition off-road motorcyclist. Injury 2003; 34 (3): 207–14
Tomida Y, Hirata H, Fukuda A, et al. Injuries in elite motorcycle racing in Japan. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (8): 508–11
Hume P A. Netball injuries in New Zealand. NZ J Sports Med 1993; 21 (2): 27–31
Hume PA, Steele JR. A preliminary investigation of injury prevention strategies in netball: are players heeding the advice? J Sci Med Sport 2000; 3 (4): 406–13
Smith R, Damodaran AK, Swaminathan S, et al. Hypermobility and sports injuries in junior netball players. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (9): 628–31
Creagh U, Reilly T. Training and injuries amongst elite female orienteers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998; 38 (1): 75–9
Folan JM. Orienteering injuries. Br J Sports Med 1982; 16 (4): 236–40
Johansson C. Injuries in elite orienteers. Am J Sports Med 1986; 14 (5), 410–5
Linde F. Injuries in orienteering. Br J Sports Med 1986; 20 (3): 125–7
Petras AF, Hoffman EP. Roentgenographic skeletal injury patterns in parachute jumping. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11 (5):325–8
Steinberg PI. Injuries to Dutch sport parachutists. Br J Sports Med 1988; 22 (1): 25–30
Kruger-Franke M, Siebert CH, Pforringer W. Paragliding injuries. Br J Sports Med 1991; 25 (2): 98–101
Butterwick DJ, Hagel B, Nelson DS, et al. Epidemiologic analysis of injury in five years of Canadian professional rodeo. Am J Sports Med 2002; 30 (2): 193–8
Bunker ID. The 1982 epidemic: roller skating injuries. Br J Sports Med 1983; 17 (3): 205–7
Ferkel RD, Mai LL, Vllis KC, et al. An analysis of roller skating injuries. Am J Sports Med 1982; 10 (1): 24–30
Kvidera DJ, Frankel VH. Trauma on eight wheels: a study of roller skating injuries in Seattle. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11(1), 38–41
Tse PY, Shen WY, Chan KM, et al. Roller skating: is it a dangerous sport? Br J Sports Med 1987; 21 (3): 125–6
Goh SH, Tan HK, Yong WS, et al. Spectrum of roller-blading injuries. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1996; 25 (4): 547–9
Nguyen D, Letts M. In-line skating injuries in children: a 10-year review. J Pediatr Orthop 2001; 21 (5): 613–8
Schuster M, Istaeli A. Survey of injuries and protective gear worn by in-line skaters in public parks. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 78 (1): 7–10
Babic Z, Misigoj-Durakovic M, Matasic H, et al. Croatian rugby project: part II. Injuries. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2001; 41(3), 392–8
Best JP, McIntosh AS, Savage TN. Rugby World Cup 2003 injury surveillance project. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (11):812–7
Bottini E, Poggi EJ, Luzuriaga F, et al. Incidence and nature of the most common rugby injuries sustained in Argentina(1991–1997). Br J Sports Med 2000; 34 (2): 94–7
Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 1 match injuries. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (10): 757–66
Brooks JH, Fuller CW, Kemp SP, et al. Epidemiology of injuries in English professional rugby union: part 2 training injuries. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (10): 767–75
Marshall SW, Waller AE, Loomis DP, et al. Use of protective equipment in a cohort of rugby players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33 (12): 2131–8
Stephenson S, Gissane C, Jennings D. Injury in rugby league: a four year prospective survey. Br J Sports Med 1996; 30 (4):331–4
D’Souza D. Track and field athletics injuries: a one-year survey. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28 (3): 197–202
Lun V, Meeuwisse WH, Stergiou P, et al. Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (5): 576–80
Aslam N, Gwilym S, Apostolou C, et al. Microscooter injuries in the paediatric population. Eur J Emerg Med 2004; 11 (3):148–50
Forsman L, Eriksson A. Skate boarding injuries of today. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (5): 325–8
Bladin C, Giddings P, Robinson M. Australian snowboard injury data base study: a four-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 1993; 21 (5): 701–4
Blitzer CM, Johnson RJ, Ettlinger CF, et al. Downhill skiing injuries in children. Am J Sports Med 1984; 12 (2): 142–7
Bridges EJ, Rouah F, Johnston KM. Snow blading injuries in Eastern Canada. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (6): 511–5
Davidson TM, Laliotis AT. Snowboarding injuries, a four-year study with comparison with alpine ski injuries. West J Med 1996; 164 (3): 231–7
Sherry E, Asquith J. Nordic (cross-country) skiing injuries in Australia. Med J Aust 1987; 146 (5): 245–6
Sylvest A, Lund NA, Lauritzen JB, et al. Skiing injuries among Danes in Austin. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1991; 1 (4): 225–7
Ungerholm S, Engkvist O, Gierup J, et al. Skiing injuries in children and adults: a comparative study from a 8-year period. Int J Sports Med 1983; 4 (4): 236–40
Williams RL, Sweetnam DIS, Stanislas M. Skiing injuries: the increasing workload. Br J Sports Med 1995; 29 (4): 252–4
Federiuk CS, Mann NC. Telemark skiing injuries: characteristics and risk factors. Wilderness Environ Med 1999; 10 (4):233–41
Made C, Borg H, Thelander D, et al. Telemark skiing injuries: an II-year study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001;9 (6): 386–91
Abu-Laban RB. Snow boarding injuries: an analysis and comparison with alpine skiing injuries. Can Med Assoc J 1991; 145(9): 1097–103
Pino EC, Colville MR. Snowboard injuries. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17 (6): 778–81
Torjussen J, Bahr R. Injuries among competitive snowboarders at the national elite level. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (3): 370–7
Ekstrand J, Gillquist J. Soccer injuries and their mechanisms: a prospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15 (3): 267–70
Kibler WB. Injuries in adolescent and preadolescent soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25 (12): 1330–2
Andersen TE, Tenga A, Engebretsen L, et al. Video analysis of injuries and incidents in Norwegian professional football. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (5): 626–31
Arnason A, Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A, et al. Risk factors for injuries in football. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (1 Suppl.):5S-16S
Drawer S, Fuller CW. Propensity for osteoarthritis and lower limb joint pain in retired professional soccer players. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (6): 402–8
Elias SR. 10-year trend in USA Cup soccer injuries: 1988–1997. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 33 (3): 359–67
Engstrom B, Johansson C, Tornkvist H. Soccer injuries among elite female players. Am J Sports Med 1991; 19 (4): 372–5
Faude O, Junge A, Kindermann W, et al. Injuries in female soccer players: a prospective study in the German national league. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (11): 1694–700
Giza E, Mithofer K, Farrell L, et al. Injuries in women’s professional soccer. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (4): 212–6
Hagglund M, Walden M, Ekstrand J. Injury incidence and distribution in elite football: a prospective study of the Danish and the Swedish top divisions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005;15 (1), 21–8
Hawkins RD, Fuller CW. A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in four English professional football clubs. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33 (3): 196–203
Hawkins RD, Hulse MA, Wilkinson C, et al. The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (1): 43–7
Inklaar H, Bol E, Schmikli SL, et al. Injuries in male soccer players: team risk analysis. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17 (3):229–34
Junge A, Dvorak J, Graf-Baumann T, et al. Football injuries during FIFA tournaments and the Olympic Games, 1998–2001. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (1): S80–9
Lilley K, Gass E, Locke S. A retrospective injury analysis of state representative female soccer players. Phys Ther Sport 2002; 3 (1): 2–9
McMaster WC, Walter M. Injuries in soccer. Am J Sports Med 1978; 6 (6): 354–7
Morgan BE, Oberlander MA. An examination of injuries in major league soccer: the inaugural season. Am J Sports Med 2001; 29 (4): 426–30
Nielsen AB, Yde J. Epidemiology and traumatology of injuries in soccer. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17 (6): 803–7
Ostenberg A, Roos H. Injury risk factors in female European football: a prospective study of 123 players during one season. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000; 10 (5): 279–85
Price RJ, Hawkins RD, Hulse MA, et al. The Football Association medical research programme: an audit of injuries in academy youth football. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (4): 466–71
Schmidt-Olsen S, Bunemann LK, Lade V, et al. Soccer injuries of youth. Br J Sports Med 1985; 19 (3): 161–4
Schmidt-Olsen S, Jorgensen U, Kaalund S, et al. Injuries among young soccer players. Am J Sports Med 1991; 19 (3): 273–5
Soderman K, Alfredson H, Pietila T, et al. Risk factors for leg injuries in female soccer players: a prospective investigation during one out-door season. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001; 9 (5): 313–21
Soderman K, Adolphson J, Lorentzon R, et al. Injuries in adolescent female players in European football: a prospective study over one outdoor soccer season. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2001; 11 (5): 299–304
Walden M, Hagglund M, Ekstrand J. Injuries in Swedish elite football: a prospective study on injury definitions, risk for injury and injury pattern during 2001. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005; 15 (2): 118–25
Walden M, Hagglund M, Ekstrand J. UEFA Champions League study: a prospective study of injuries in professional football during the 2001–2002 season. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39 (8):542–6
Yoon YS, Chai M, Shin DW. Football injuries at Asian tournaments. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (1 Suppl.): 365–42S
Lindenfeld TN, Schmitt DJ, Hendy MP, et al. Incidence of injury in indoor soccer. Am J Sports Med 1994; 22 (3): 364–71
Putukian M, Knowles WK, Swere S, et al. Injuries in indoor soccer. The Lake Placid dawn to dark soccer tournament. Am J Sports Med 1996; 24 (3): 317–22
Loosli AR, Requa RK, Garrick JG, et al. Injuries to pitchers in women’s collegiate fast-pitch softball. Am J Sports Med 1992; 20 (1), 35–7
Quinn A, Lun V, McCall J, et al. Injuries in short track speed skating. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (4): 507–10
Feehan M, Waller AE. Precompetition injury and subsequent tournament performance in full-contact taekwondo. Br J Sports Med 1995; 29 (4): 258–62
Hutchinson MR, Laprade RF, Burnett QM, et al. Injury surveillance at the UST A Boys’ Tennis Championships: a 6-yr study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27 (6): 826–30
Silva RT, Takahashi R, Berra B, et al. Medical assistance at the Brazilian juniors tennis circuit: a one-year prospective study. J Sci Med Sport 2003; 6 (1): 14–8
Neumann DC, McCurdie JM, Wade AJ. A survey of injuries sustained in the game of touch. J Sci Med Sport 1998; 1 (4):228–35
Watson MD, DiMartino PP. Incidence of injuries in high school track and field athletes and its relation to performance ability. Am J Sports Med 1987; 15 (3): 251–4
Chalmers DJ, Hume PA, Wilson BD. Trampolines in New Zealand: a decade of injuries. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28 (4): 234–8
Hume P A, Chalmers DJ, Wilson BD. Trampoline injury in New Zealand: emergency care. Br J Sports Med 1996; 30 (4):327–30
Korkia PK, Tunstall-Pedoe DS, Maffulli N. An epidemiological investigation of training and injury patterns in British triathletes. Br J Sports Med 1994; 28 (3): 191–6
Williams MM, Hawley JA, Black R, et al. Injuries amongst competitive triathletes. Physiother Sport 1988; 11 (3): 13–5
Smith J, Krabak B. Tug of war: introduction to the sport and an epidemiological injury study among elite pullers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002; 12 (2): 117–24
Marfleet P. Ultimate injuries: a survey. Br J Sports Med 1991; 25 (4), 235–40
Bishop GW, Fallon KE. Musculoskeletal injuries in a six-day track race: ultramarathoner’s ankle. Clin J Sport Med 1999; 9(4), 216–20
Fallon KE. Musculoskeletal injuries in the ultramarathon: the 1990 Westfield Sydney to Melbourne run. Br J Sports Med 1996; 30 (4): 319–23
Montorsi A, Sacchetti G, Boschi S, et al. Trauma epidemiology and injury mechanisms in volleyball. J Sport Traumatol 2000;22 (4): 159–71
Aagaard H, Jorgensen U. Injuries in elite volleyball. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1996; 6 (4): 228–32
Aagaard H, Scavenius M, Jorgensen U. An epidemiological analysis of the injury pattern in indoor and in beach volleyball. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18 (3): 217–21
Schafle MD, Requa RK, Patton WL, et al. Injuries in the 1987 national amateur volleyball tournament. Am J Sports Med 1990; 18 (6): 624–31
Solgard L, Nielsen AB, Moller-Madsen B, et al. Volleyball injuries presenting in casualty: a prospective study. Br J Sports Med 1995; 29 (3): 200–4
Paulseth S, Martinovich J, Scira J, et al. A study of training programs, types and incidents of injuries in elite male beach volleyball players. Int J Volleyball Res 2002; 5 (1): 6–12
Bahr R, Reeser JC. Injuries among world-class professional beach volleyball players: the Federation Internationale de Volleyball beach volleyball injury study. Am J Sports Med 2003;31 (1), 119–25
Hostetler SG, Hostetler TL, Smith GA, et al. Characteristics of water skiing-related and wakeboarding-related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001–2003. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (7): 1065–70
Lirm D. Injuries on British climbing walls. Br J Sports Med 1995; 29 (3): 168–70
Nathanson AT, Reinert SE. Wind surfing injuries: results of a paper- and internet-based survey. Wilderness Environ Med 1999; 10 (4): 218–25
Jarvinen T A, Jarvinen TL, Kaariainen M, et al. Muscle injuries: biology and treatment. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (5): 745–64
Hosea TM, Carey CC, Harrer MF. The gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000; (372): 45–9
Hopper D, Elliott B, Lalor J. A descriptive epidemiology of netball injuries during competition: a five year study. Br J Sports Med 1995; 29 (4): 223–8
Kirkpatrick DP, Hunter RE, Janes PC, et al. The snowboarder’s foot and ankle. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26 (2): 271–7
Andersen TE, Aoerenes TW, Arnason A, et al. Video analysis of the mechanisms for ankle injuries in football. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32 (1 Suppl.): 695–795
Woods C, Hawkins R, Hulse M, et al. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football-analysis of preseason injuries. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (6): 436–41; discussion 441
Mummery WK, Spence JC, Vincenten JA, et al. A descriptive epidemiology of sport and recreation injuries in a population based sample: results from the Alberta Sport and Recreation Injury Survey (ASRIS). Can J Public Health 1998; 89 (1): 53–6
Kannus P, Aho H, Jarvinen M, et al. Computerized recording of visits to an outpatient sports clinic. Am J Sports Med 1987; 15(1), 79–85
Kannus P, Niittymaki S, Jarvinen M. Sports injuries in women: a one-year prospective follow-up study at an outpatient sports clinic. Br J Sports Med 1987; 21 (1): 37–9
Sandelin J. Acute sports injuries requiring hospital care. Br J Sports Med 1986; 20 (3): 99–102
Backx FJ, Erich WB, Kerröper AB, et al. Sports injuries in school-aged children: an epidemiologic study. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17 (2): 234–40
Kingma J, Ten Duis HJ. Injuries due to school sports accidents in 4 to 13-yr.-old children. Percept Mot Skills 2000; 90 (1):319–25
Maffuli N, Bundoc RC, Chan KM, et al. Paediatric sports injuries in Hong Kong: a seven year survey. Br J Sports Med 1996; 30 (3): 218–21
Sadat-Ali M, Sankaran-Kutty M. Sports injuries in Saudi Arabia. Br J Sports Med 1985; 19 (1): 28–9
Devereaux MD, Lachmann SM. Athletes attending a sports injury clinic: a review. Br J Sports Med 1983; 17 (4): 137–42
Galasko CSB, Menon TJ, Lemon GJ, et al. University of Manchester sports injury clinic. Br J Sports Med 1982; 16 (1):23–6
Nicholl JP, Coleman P, Williams BT. The epidemiology of sports and exercise related injury in the United Kingdom. Br J Sports Med 1995; 29 (4): 232–8
Rowell S, Rees-Jones A. Injuries treated at a sports injury clinic compared with a neighbouring accident and emergency department. Br J Sports Med 1988; 22 (4): 157–60
Watkins J, Peabody P. Sports injuries in children and adolescents treated at a sports injury clinic. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1996; 36 (1): 43–8
Almeida SA, Williams KM, Shaffer RA, et al. Epidemiological patterns of musculoskeletal injuries and physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (8): 1176–82
Austin GJ, Rogers KD, Reese G. Injuries in high school physical education classes. Am J Dis Child 1980; 134 (5): 456–8
Beachy G, Akau CK, Martinson M, et al. High school sports injuries: a longitudinal study at Punahou School: 1988 to 1996. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25 (5): 675–81
Jackson DS, Furman WK, Berson BL. Patterns of injuries in college athletes: a retrospective study of injuries sustained in inter colleagiate athletics in two college over a two-year period. Mt Sinai J Med 1980; 47 (4): 423–6
Thompson SH, Case AJ, Sargent RG. Factors influencing performance- related injuries among group exercise instructors. Women Sport Phys Activ J 2001; 10 (1): 125–42
Yang J, Marshall SW, Bowling JM, et al. Use of discretionary protective equipment and rate of lower extremity injury in high school athletes. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161 (6): 511–9
McKay GD, Goldie P A, Payne WR, et al. Ankle injuries in basketball: injury rate and risk factors. Br J Sports Med 2001;35 (2), 103–8
Jarret GJ, Orwin JF, Dick RW. Injuries in collegiate wrestling. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26 (5): 674–80
Shawdon A, Brukner P. Injury profile of amateur Australian rules footballers. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1994; 26 (3–4): 59–61
Beynnon BD, Vacek PM, Murphy DF, et al. First-time inversion ankle ligament trauma: the effects of sex, level of competition, and sport on the incidence of in jury. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33(10): 1485–91
Ekstrand J, Tropp H. The incidence of ankle sprains in soccer. Foot Ankle Int 1990; 11 (1): 41–4
Berger-Vachon C, Gabard G, Moyen B. Soccer accidents in the French Rhone-Alpes soccer association. Sports Med 1986; 3(1),69–77
No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this article. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fong, D.TP., Hong, Y., Chan, LK. et al. A Systematic Review on Ankle Injury and Ankle Sprain in Sports. Sports Med 37, 73–94 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737010-00006
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737010-00006