Aetiology and incidence of facial fractures sustained during sports: a prospective study of 140 patients

doi:10.1054/ijom.2001.0059

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Volume 30, Issue 4, August 2001, Pages 291-295

https://doi.org/10.1054/ijom.2001.0059 Get rights and content

Abstract

Abstract.

A prospective study was carried out involving patients presenting with facial fractures sustained during sports. One hundred and forty patients were admitted to the Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital of Paris between March 1998 and March 2000, accounting for 13.3% of all patients with facial bone fractures. The ratio of males to females was 7.2:1 and the mean age was 28.5 years. The majority of accidents occurred during soccer (25.0%), followed by rugby (15.0%), and as a consequence of collisions between players (50.7%). The majority of the injuries involved the mandible (34.4%), the zygomatic bone (23.4%) and the nasal bone (15.6%). The sporting activities were classified as either contact or non-contact sports. Frontal sinus, central midface and LeFort fractures were seen more often in vehicular sports such as mountainbiking and skiing. The authors stress the importance of preventive measures, including the use of protective equipment, periodic sports medical check-ups and personal discipline.

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Longer recovery and withdrawal times were found when combat sports are involved with a maxillofacial injury [16] [25],. The use of protective shields is identified as an important factor in reducing maxillofacial injuries in sports such as boxing, American football, and ice or field hockey [7,11,54,57,67,68]. This can be seen on the SMIR scale, where horse riding is riskier than field hockey or handball.
Sports etiology is one of the most common causes of maxillofacial injuries. This work aimed to provide an up-to-date review of sports-related maxillofacial injuries.
An updated review was conducted on Pubmed and Google Scholar. No publication year and language restrictions were applied. Two different search strategies were performed, the first addressed which sports, generally associated with maxillofacial injuries, and the second search was conducted to determine the frequency of maxillofacial injuries associated with each sport individually.
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Some sports with ball and cycling can be considered riskier sports for maxillofacial injuries. Athlete education and the mandatory use of mouthguards, helmets, and eye protection, among other things, are crucial to prevent these injuries. Tailor-made mouthguards and protective masks, which are becoming cheaper, are in vogue. The Sports-related Maxillofacial Injuries Risk scale can be useful for athletes, athletic coaches, and maxillofacial surgeons.
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The available comparative reviews, however, were published over 20 years ago. More recent data are available to compare the incidence of facial fractures sustained playing sports worldwide, but data specific to the UK are lacking.1,3,6,10 It is important to analyse country-specific data due to the discrepancies in the popularity of different sports in different countries.
Maxillofacial injuries sustained playing sports are becoming increasingly common, and in the UK where football is the most popular team sport, associated maxillofacial injuries are a regular occurrence. This study retrospectively examined data on patients who were referred with facial injuries sustained playing football between 2007 and 2019 (n = 265). Demographics, mechanism of injury, diagnosis, and treatment received were analysed. The mean (SD) age was 25 (11.0) years (range 3-85) and there was a strong male predominance (n = 256, 97% male). Facial fractures were diagnosed in 143 (54%) patients. The most common injury was a midface fracture and the most common mechanism of injury was a clash of heads. Patients with a facial fracture were significantly more likely to have sustained a concurrent head injury (p = 0.006). Those who were elbowed or punched were significantly more likely to have a facial fracture than a soft tissue or dentoalveolar injury (p ≤ 0.05). Players who clashed heads were significantly more likely to have a midface fracture (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, football-related maxillofacial injuries predominantly affect young adult males following a clash of heads. An elbow or punch to the face carries a significant risk of facial fracture and concurrent head injury. Therefore, to reduce the percentage of maxillofacial injuries seen in this sport, observed intentional contact between players, using an elbow or fist to the face in particular, must continue to carry the highest sanction.
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Le sport, devenu incontournable dans notre société moderne, tant pour ses bienfaits sur le plan de la santé que sur le plan social et relationnel, est un grand pourvoyeur de traumatismes maxillo-faciaux. L’objectif de notre travail est de montrer l’intérêt de l’utilisation du masque de protection faciale chez les sportifs en prévention secondaire d’un traumatisme de la région nasale, d’en établir les règles d’utilisation (conception et forme, durée de port) et d’évaluer le sentiment de protection du joueur.
Une étude comparative rétrospective a été réalisée entre le 1er janvier 2013 et le 31 décembre 2015 à propos de 19 patients dans les services de chirurgie maxillo-faciale du CHU de Caen et de Nantes. Ces deux services ont une attitude qui diffère concernant la prise en charge post-traumatique des sportifs : l’un propose une reprise précoce avec masque de protection, l’autre préconise une dispense de sport de 6 semaines (sans port de masque).
Les résultats de notre étude et de la revue de la littérature suggèrent l’utilisation de ces masques de protection faciale en prévention secondaire des fractures de la région nasale chez les sportifs souhaitant un retour rapide à la compétition.
Sport, become inescapable in our modern society, both for its healthy, social and relational benefits, is a major provider of maxillofacial trauma. The objective of our work is to show the interest of the facial mask in secondary prevention for fracture of nasal region, to establish rules of use (design and shape, wearing time) and to estimate the feeling of protection for the player.
A retrospective comparative study was realized between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2015 about 19 patients in the departments of maxillofacial surgery of the University Hospital of Caen and Nantes. These two departments have a different attitude to manage the post-traumatic care of the sportsmen, the one proposing a premature resumption with protective mask, the other one recommending a sporting exemption of 6 weeks (without mask).
Our results and review of the literature suggest that the use of these facial protections in secondary prevention for fractures of nasal region can be used for a faster return to the competition.
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The study aims were to establish the correlation between the fractured facial bones in patients treated at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kelantan, Malaysia.
This study reviewed the medical records of the patients with maxillofacial fractures treated in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) unit, Hospital USM during 5years period from January 2012 to December 2016, who had no associated head injury. The complete medical record of each patient was reviewed, and data were collected under the variables which were age, gender, etiology of maxillofacial fractures, types of maxillofacial fractures, and treatment modalities practiced for the correction of fractures. SPSS software version 23.0 was used to assess the correlation among the fractured facial bones.
This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the medical records of 209 patients with maxillofacial fractures treated in the OMFS unit, Hospital USM. 167 patients were male and 42 patients were female. The ratio was seen as nearly 4:1. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 74 years. Concomitant Zygomatic complex was found the most affected site which had a strong positive correlation with Orbital fracture. Besides, Mandibular fracture was mostly correlated with the fracture in the Symphysis area and the Condylar neck. All the correlations were statistically significant at the P < 0.05 levels.
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Clinical PapersAetiology and incidence of facial fractures sustained during sports: a prospective study of 140 patients

Abstract

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JADA

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Aetiology and incidence of facial fractures sustained during sports: a prospective study of 140 patients