Original researchDoes the recent internal load and strain on players affect match outcome in elite Australian football?
Introduction
There are many factors that affect the outcome of Australian football matches, including, but not limited to, the relative position of the two teams competing,1 injuries to key athletes,2 physical capacity,3 and especially tactical and technical ability.4 It is unknown how recent training load affects match outcomes.
The internal load on team-sport athletes can be determined from the session rating of perceived exertion method (session RPE)5 that has been validated for use in team-sports6 including Australian rules football.7 Whilst a valid and reliable measure of internal load acutely, the dose response relationship between session RPE and training or fitness has not been established in this athletic cohort. Despite this gap in the knowledge, sport scientists allocate substantial resources to monitoring the internal load on athletes during a competitive season,8 yet the influence of recent training load on subsequent match performance in elite footballers has not yet been investigated.
The likely effects of recent training load on performance can be considered through the prism of the effects of load on injury risk. One of the key risk factors for injury in athletes is transient fatigue induced through training load.7, 9, 10 In at least one elite Australian football team, an increase in 1 or 2 week total load above a threshold of 2250 or 4000 arbitrary load units, respectively, increases injury risk by a factor of 2.58.9 In another elite club, an increase in weekly load of >10% per week increased injury rates, although this study suffered from limited capacity to estimate small effects given the low incidence (N = 5) of injury occurrence during the data collection period.10 Similarly, in elite cricket fast bowlers, a spike in acute workload relative to the previous four weeks’ workload, termed training-stress balance, resulted in up to 3.3 times the injury risk.11, 12 In elite Australian football where there can be 6–13 days between matches, protecting players from large weekly increases in training load requires careful management, and must be considered within the context of the effect of training load on injury, physical performance and potentially match outcomes.
Acute load thresholds are useful, but fail to take into account the recent internal load of players. Training can be divided into smaller units, each with a specific goal, and these can be termed meso-cycles. Meso-cycle length varies, typically between 2 and 6 weeks duration.13 Thus one definition of the recent load on athletes is the load accumulated in median of typical meso-cycle length, the previous 4-weeks of training and that will be used in this study. If the model where performance = fitness minus fatigue8 applies, then athletes will more than likely experience periods of fatigue during acute high load phases. Thus the weekly load should be considered within the context of recent weeks of training. A spike in weekly training load relative to the recent weeks of training may decrease the performance of players, yet this approach has not yet been determined.
The strain on team-sport athletes (the product of how much load and how similar that stimulus is in any given week)14 may also contribute to injury and sport match performance. In a group of primarily speed-skaters, strain was the best predictor of subsequent illness with a large15 (r = 0.60) correlation.16 The effect of varying strain on the performance of team-sport athletes has not yet been investigated.
Coaches strive to ensure players are at peak-physical capacity for matches. Team-sport athletes are required to focus on match-to-match wins, as each match in the regular season counts equally to the Premiership table and the ultimate success of the team. Thus, if additional training is considered to enhance the physical capacity of players “in-season”17 the injury risk of players may be temporarily increased. Concomitantly, the match performance of players may be reduced acutely, yet the effect of changes in internal load on players has not yet been investigated. The aims of this study were, therefore, to determine: The effect of recent training load and strain of individual players on match outcome, defined as wins or losses; and if relative ladder position or days between matches mediated this effect.
Section snippets
Methods
Fifty-nine elite Australian footballers (age 24.7 ± 3.3 yrs; height 187.1 ± 7.6 cm; body mass 90.4 ± 8.2 kg) at the time of commencement involvement in the study, [Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD)] gave informed consent to participate in this study. The study was approved by the Victoria University Human Research Ethics committee. Participants were all registered players of one Australian Football League Club.
Internal load was quantified from the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) method5 validated
Results
Weekly-load, training stress balance for load, weekly-strain, and training stress balance for strain for wins versus losses are presented in Fig. 1A–D. Data in text below are presented as a standardised effect with lower and upper confidence limits.
Mean weekly load on players was likely higher for match wins (0.43 [0.17;0.70], Fig. 2A), and when days break (db) was used as a covariate (0.45 [0.19;0.72], Fig. 2A) but only possibly higher with the covariate relative ladder position (0.29
Discussion
The main findings of this study are that (1) in this elite Australian football team, weekly-load was higher preceding wins versus losses; (2) that outcome holds when the days break between matches are considered, but the effect is weakened by the relative ladder position of the teams; (3) For wins, there was a possible greater difference (i.e. greater positive training-stress balance), and this effect remained when days break, and relative ladder position were considered; and (4) the training
Conclusion
In this elite Australian football team, weekly-load is higher for wins versus losses; when the days break between matches are considered, this effect is reversed, but not clearly affected by the relative ladder position of the teams. For wins, there was a greater positive training stress balance determined from load, and this effect remained when days break, but not relative ladder position were considered; and the training stress balance determined from strain was the best predictor of wins
Practical implications
- •
Coaches can modify acute training stress balance to enhance the chances for wins in Australian football.
- •
Coaches should have a clear idea of the recent load and strain on athletes before prescribing training in any given week of the competitive season.
- •
The measurement of strain is an important inclusion in any team-sport load monitoring system.
Funding
There was no funding to support this research.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the players and coaches of the Western Bulldogs Football Club, and especially Mr Cameron Falloon, Mr Bill Davoren and Mr Luke Meehan for facilitating data collection.
References (29)
- et al.
Relationship between training load and injury in professional rugby league players
J Sci Med Sport
(2011) - et al.
Effects of immediate post-game recovery procedures on muscle soreness, power and flexiblity levels over the next 48 hours
J Sci Med Sport
(2005) - et al.
Technical performance during soccer matches of the Italian Serie A league: effect of fatigue and competitive level
J Sci Med Sport
(2009) Injury incidence, risk factors and prevention in Australian rules football
Sports Med
(2013)- et al.
Repeated high-speed activities during youth soccer games in relation to changes in maximal sprinting and aerobic speeds
Int J Sports Med
(2013) - et al.
The relationship between training load and incidence of injury and illness over a pre-season at an Australian football league club
Aust J Strength Cond
(2009) - et al.
Physical capacity-match physical performance relationships in soccer: simply, more complex
Eur J Appl Physiol
(2011) - et al.
A new approach to monitoring exercise training
J Strength Cond Res
(2001) - et al.
Use of RPE-based training load in soccer
Med Sci Sport Exerc
(2004) - et al.
Validity and reliability of the session-RPE method for quantifying training in Australian football: a comparison of the CR10 and CR100 scales
J Strength Cond Res
(2013)
The quantification of training load, the training response and the effect on performance
Sports Med
Effectiveness of postmatch recovery in elite professional footballers
Int J Sports Physiol Perform
Match score affects activity profile and skill performance in professional Australian Football players
J Sci Med Sport
Spikes in acute workload are associated with increased injury risk in elite cricket fast bowlers
Br J Sports Med
Cited by (33)
The importance of quantifying training loads: A model example
2018, Science and SportsA detailed quantification of differential ratings of perceived exertion during team-sport training
2017, Journal of Science and Medicine in SportCitation Excerpt :Therefore, although the quantification of external load for each training mode was beyond the scope of this study, we feel that our data provide evidence for the validity of dRPE during team-sport training. Moderate evidence exists for a dose-response relationship between sRPE-derived internal training load and injury,1,7 physical performance4,5,22 and competitive match outcome6 in team-sport athletes. The ability to accurately programme internal load based on the training goals is therefore of great importance, although the individual response to a given external load is often highly variable.3
Impact of successive basketball matches in psychophysiological response and neuromuscular performance in adolescent players
2022, Sport Sciences for HealthA Congested Match Schedule Alters Internal Match Load and Affects Salivary Immunoglobulin A Concentration in Youth Soccer Players
2022, Journal of Strength and Conditioning ResearchTraining Load, Maturity Timing and Future National Team Selection in National Youth Basketball Players
2022, Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology