Review ArticleSystemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise
Section snippets
Skeletal muscle
The resting energy expenditure for skeletal muscle is very moderate and it is around 13 kcal/kg organ mass/day [13], which, during heavy exercise, results in a large increase in energy turnover (> 100-fold) and introduces a major energetic challenge with a massive oxygen flow to mitochondria [14]. Therefore, it is not surprising that mitochondrial generation of ROS is significantly enhanced during exercise [7]. In addition to mitochondria, NADPH oxidase is a potential generator of ROS during
Liver
Liver has a very high metabolic rate (200 kcal/kg organ mass/day [21]), which is naturally associated with high oxygen flux, but this is significantly decreased during exercise.
Unlike skeletal muscle, liver contains high levels of xanthine dehydrogenase (XD) and during exercise XD is converted to XO, generating ROS and, therefore, oxidative damage [53]. The exercise and recovery period after exercise in liver might be similar to the ischemia/reperfusion phenomenon, but this is unknown at this
Brain
The resting energy expenditure for the brain is 240 kcal/kg organ mass/day [21] and the oxygen flow is relatively constant during exercise, and despite this relative stability of energy metabolism and oxygen supply it seems that oxidative challenge-associated adaptation occurs in the brain. In the past decade it has become clear that regular exercise beneficially affects brain function and could play an important preventive and therapeutic role in oxidative stress-associated diseases [60], [61]
Conclusion
The available data strongly indicate that regular exercise plays a preventive role against lifestyle-dependent diseases and the molecular mechanism behind this favorable effect could be linked to redox homeostasis, a free radical-related adaptive mechanism. The adaptive mechanism is initiated by transcription factors, resulting in increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes, and more effective repair and housekeeping by the DNA repair enzymes and proteasome complex. The molecular adaptation
Acknowledgments
The study was supported by the Hungarian Science Research Foundation (OTKA) and a Health Science Grant (ETT) to Z.R.
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