Brief reviewStem Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle
Section snippets
Muscle Hematopoietic Potential Cells and Muscle Regeneration
Goodell et al. (1996) were the first to demonstrate that HSCs in bone marrow from many different species can be purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of side population (SP) cells. The SP fraction of cells excludes Hoechst 33342 dye through the activity at the cell surface of multidrug resistance-like proteins such as BCRP1/ABCG2 Zhou et al. 2001, Zhou et al. 2002. Gussoni et al. (1999) then showed that these bone marrow SP cells have the capacity to contribute to skeletal
Other Stem Cells in Muscle
During development, it is conceivable that the vascular-associated progenitors of myogenic satellite cells, termed meso-angioblasts in the embryo by De Angelis, Minasi and colleagues, persist in close association with the vasculature as adult stem cells in skeletal muscle De Angelis et al. 1999, Minasi et al. 2002. In addition, connective tissues in skeletal muscle have been reported to contain mesenchymal progenitor cells (Young et al. 2001). Recently, several groups have isolated a
Future Directions
Induction of myogenic specification of stem cells in muscle may involve one or more mechanisms, including secreted factor(s), extracellular matrix, and cell–cell interactions. The molecular mechanism of myogenic specification of these stem cells will be elucidated by combining information from in vitro culture systems and different animal systems, including genetic analysis afforded by gene knockout experiments. Undoubtedly, muscle possesses multiple stem cell populations, for which
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank M.A. Rudnicki, J. Ishibashi, and S. Morita for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by a development grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Association to A.A.
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