Response of oxidative stress biomarkers to a 16-week aerobic physical activity program, and to acute physical activity, in healthy young men and women

doi:10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00018-2

Atherosclerosis

Volume 167, Issue 2, April 2003, Pages 327-334

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00018-2 Get rights and content

Abstract

Physical activity (PA) is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease, and may favorably modify the antioxidant–prooxidant balance. This study assessed the effects of aerobic PA training on antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidized LDL concentration, and LDL resistance to oxidation, as well as the effect of acute PA on antioxidant enzyme activity before and after the training period. Seventeen sedentary healthy young men and women were recruited for 16 weeks of training. The activity of superoxide dismutase in erythrocytes (E-SOD), glutathione peroxidase in whole blood (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase in plasma (P-GR), and the oxidized LDL concentration and LDL composition, diameter, and resistance to oxidation were determined before and after training. Shortly before and after this training period they also performed a bout of aerobic PA for 30 min. The antioxidant enzyme activity was also determined at 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, and 24 h after both bouts of PA. Training induces an increase in GSH-Px (27.7%), P-GR (17.6%), and LDL resistance to oxidation, and a decrease in oxidized LDL (−15.9%). After the bout of PA, an increase in E-SOD and GSH-Px was observed at 0 min, with a posterior decrease in enzyme activity until 30–60 min, and a tendency to recover the basal values at 120 min and 24 h. Training did not modify this global response pattern. Regular PA increases endogenous antioxidant activity and LDL resistance to oxidation, and decreases oxidized LDL concentration; 30 min of aerobic PA decreases P-GR and B-GSH-Px activity in the first 30–60 min with a posterior recovery.

Introduction

Regular physical activity (PA) is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) [1], and consequently, physical inactivity has been considered a risk factor for CHD [2]. The mechanisms underlying this protective effect are not fully established.

On the other hand, oxidative stress has been found to be linked to the development of several chronic diseases including atherosclerosis [3]. The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) components is a cornerstone of atherosclerosis [3]. The oxidative status is controlled by a wide spectrum of dietary exogenous antioxidants such as tocopherols, ascorbate, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds, and by endogenous antioxidants such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase among others [4]. The balance between free-radical generation and antioxidant activity is critical in the pathogenesis of CHD. LDL resistance to oxidation, mainly dependent on its antioxidant content and lipid particle composition, is also an important factor limiting this process.

One of the favorable effects of regular PA could be to modify the prooxidant/antioxidant balance, increasing endogenous antioxidant activity, and LDL resistance to oxidation. On the other hand, acute PA increases oxygen uptake and free-radical production, and consequently could induce lipid peroxidation [5], [6].

The aims of this study were (1) to assess the effect of an aerobic PA training program on antioxidant enzyme activity, oxidized LDL concentration, and LDL resistance to oxidation in young healthy subjects; and (2) to assess the effect of a single bout of acute PA on antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after the training period.

Section snippets

Subjects

Seventeen sedentary healthy young volunteers, seven men and 10 women, were recruited among medical students. Subjects with previous personal history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, dyslipemia, physical disability, or chronic respiratory disease, as well as those with a body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m², alcohol consumption greater than 40 g per day, or long-term medication use, including mineral or vitamin supplements, were excluded. Another exclusion criterion was regular PA

Results

Seventeen participants were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 19.5 (standard deviation: 1.2). Five (29.4%) were smokers, and mean BMI was 23.6 kg/m² (standard deviation: 2.1). No statistically significant differences between men and women, and between smokers and non-smokers, were detected in antioxidant enzyme activity, LDL resistance to oxidation, or oxidized LDL concentration. Men had a higher VO₂ max than women, 44.5 (5.7) and 32.9 (4.2) ml/kg, respectively (P<0.01). Women had higher

Discussion

This experimental study found an increase in physical fitness, B-GSH-Px activity, P-GR activity, and LDL resistance to oxidation, and a decrease in oxidized LDL concentration after 16 weeks of aerobic training. The effect of 30 min of aerobic PA on antioxidant enzyme activity, and the modifier effect of training status, was also assessed.

Conclusions

Regular PA increases endogenous antioxidant activity and LDL resistance to oxidation, and decreases oxidized LDL concentration. On the other hand, a decrease in P-GR and B-GSH-Px activities was observed in the first 30–60 min after 30 min of aerobic PA, with a posterior recovery. The global time response pattern to acute aerobic PA seems to be quite similar before and after training, although the enzymatic activities were higher after training than before.

Acknowledgements

This study was partially supported by Bayer Grant 1999 (Spanish Society of Cardiology) and by CIRIT 2001SGR 00408. Fitó M. was supported by Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS) grant (98/9562 FPI). We thank the Servei d'Activitat Fı́sica of the Universitat Autònoma of Barcelona and the study participants for their cooperation, and Stephanie Lonsdale and Elaine Lilly for the revision of the English manuscript.

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Response of oxidative stress biomarkers to a 16-week aerobic physical activity program, and to acute physical activity, in healthy young men and women

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Subjects

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

J. Biol. Chem.

Methods Enzymol.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

J. Lipid Res.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

J. Lipid Res.

Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease

Ann. Rev. Public Health

Physical inactivity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a WHO and International Society and Federation of Cardiology Position Statement

Bull. World Health Organ.

The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis

Lancet

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage

Clin. Chem.

Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation

J. Appl. Physiol.

Elevated serum antioxidant capacity and plasma malondialdehyde concentration in response to a simulated half-marathon run

Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.

A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange

J. Appl. Physiol.

Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase

J. Lab. Clin. Med.