Comparison of mean differences within and between groups at the end of the intervention
| Control (n=71) | Exercise (n=73) | ||||||
| Baseline | Follow-up | Change | Baseline | Follow-up | Change | P value | |
| Primary outcome: hepatic steatosis (%) | 9.3±12.5 | 9.4±13 | 0.1±7.1 | 10.5±12.3 | 9.2±10.6* | −1.3±4.9 | 0.22 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6±5.6 | 31.4±5.7 | −0.2±1.4 | 31.9±4.7 | 31.7±4.8* | −0.2±0.8 | 0.98 |
| Weight (kg) | 39.7±8.7 | 40±9.5 | 0.2±7 | 40±8.2 | 40.4±9.3 | 0.5±5.4 | 0.78 |
| Waist circumference (cm): females | 101±13 | 9±14 | −2±5 | 101±11 | 100±12 | −1±4 | 0.306 |
| Males | 108±9 | 108±14 | 1±12 | 108±11 | 105±10 | −2±3 | 0.282 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.0±1.1 | 5.1±1.2 | 0.1±0.9 | 5.1±1.4 | 5.0±1.2 | −0.1±0.7 | 0.041 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6±0.8 | 5.7±0.9 | 0.1±0.4 | 5.6±0.7 | 5.6±0.7 | 0.0±0.2 | 0.471 |
| Fructosamine (μmol/L) | 263.5±35.2 | 266.9±36.4 | 3.5±29.2 | 261±33.1 | 264.3±28.7 | 3.3±26.4 | 0.79 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 31.5±22.5 | 30.5±21.1 | −1.0±9.1 | 26.2±17.4 | 24.3±14.3* | −1.9±6.9 | 0.12 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.3±1.7 | 3.1±4 | 0.8±3.4 | 3.0±4 | 2.6±2 | −0.4±3 | 0.067 |
| ALT (U/L) | 31±23.3 | 33.8±30.1 | 2.8±13.5 | 30.4±14 | 28.4±11.8 | −2.0±9.6 | 0.016 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.8±9.5 | 26.8±12.2 | 1.0±7.7 | 26.0±9.7 | 24.3±7.0* | −1.7±6.2 | 0.018 |
| GGT (U/L) | 31.5±22.5 | 30.5±21.1 | −1.0±9.1 | 26.2±17.4 | 24.3±14.3* | −1.9±6.9 | 0.119 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.3±1.3 | 5.2±1.3 | −0.1±0.9 | 5.1±1.0 . | 5.0±1.0* | −0.2±0.6 | 0.32 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 5.0±1.1 | 5.1±1.2 | 0.1±0.9 | 5.1±1.4 | 5.0±1.2 | −0.2±0.7 | 0.041 |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 3.2±1.2 | 3.3±1.1 | 0.1±0.5 | 3.0±1.0 | 2.9±0.9* | −0.1±0.5 | 0.092 |
| HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.5±0.4 | 1.6±0.4 | 0.1±0.2 | 1.4±0.3 | 1.5±0.3 | 0.0±0.2 | 0.92 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 132±15 | 133±17 | 1±12 | 133±17 | 132±16 | −1±13 | 0.31 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79±8 | 79±7 | 0±7 | 79±9 | 78±8 | −1±8 | 0.61 |
| ASCVD 10-year risk (%) | 8.7±9.5 | 9.3±10.7* | 0.5±2.2 | 9.8±10.8 | 9.6±11.2 | −0.2±2 | 0.015 |
| 1-RM leg press (N) | 1959±537 | 1986±618 | 27.5±326 | 1959±662 | 2320±757* | 361±383 | <0.001 |
| 1-RM seated row (N) | 464±148 | 470±159 | 6±61 | 443±160 | 557±210* | 113±98 | <0.001 |
| 1-RM chest press (N) | 346±123 | 343±125 | −2±35 | 333±132 | 400±161* | 67.3±55.4 | <0.001 |
| VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | 30.7±7.9 | 31.6±7.7 | 0.8±6.2 | 30.2±9.5 | 33±10* | 2.9±7.3 | 0.079 |
| Body fat (%) | 39.7±8.7 | 40±9.5 | 0.2±7 | 40±8.2 | 40.4±9.3 | 0.5±5.4 | 0.80 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 5.2±1.0 | 5.0±1.0 | −0.3±1.8 | 5.1±1.0 | 5.1±1.0 | 0.0±1.6 | 0.24 |
Data are mean (SD). P value obtained with analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline scores.
*P<0.05 within group.
P values are for between-groups comparisons at baseline.
HDLC is high density lipoprotein; LDL is low density lipoprotein
ALT, alanine transaminase; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk; AST, aspartate transaminase; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; NG, normal glucose; 1-RM, 1 repetition maximum.