Baseline characteristics
| Control (n=81) | Exercise (n=81) | P | |
| Age (years)* | 57.8 (21.7–80.4) | 59.1 (23.7–79.9) | 0.48 |
| Male:female (%female) | 33:38 (53.5%) | 30:43 (58.9%) | 0.63 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32±0.6 | 31.9±0.5 | 0.89 |
| Weight (kg) | 91.0±1.9 | 90.3±1.9 | 0.81 |
| Waist circumference (cm): females | 101±2 | 101±2 | 0.88 |
| Males | 108±1 | 108±2 | 0.91 |
| Hepatic steatosis (%) | 9.8±1.7 | 11.2±1.5 | 0.53 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.1±0.1 | 5.2±0.1 | 0.77 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7±0.1 | 5.6±0.1 | 0.48 |
| Fructosamine (μmol/L) | 263.2±3.9 | 261.5±3.5 | 0.75 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 62±4.2 | 71.9±7.7 | 0.26 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.5±0.2 | 3±0.4 | 0.34 |
| ALT (U/L) | 31±2.5 | 29.9±1.5 | 0.70 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.7±1 | 25.8±1.1 | 0.97 |
| GGT (U/L) | 30.8±2.4 | 26.2±1.8 | 0.14 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.3±0.1 | 5.2±0.1 | 0.57 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.4±0.1 | 1.6±0.1 | 0.11 |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 3.2±0.1 | 3.1±0.1 | 0.52 |
| HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.5±0 | 1.5±0 | 0.64 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 132±2 | 134±2 | 0.75 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79±1 | 79±1 | 0.86 |
| ASCVD 10-year risk (%) | 8.8±1 | 9.9±1.2 | 0.50 |
| 1-RM leg press (N) | 2017±70 | 1943±73 | 0.47 |
| 1-RM seated row (N) | 351±15 | 329±14 | 0.31 |
| 1-RM chest press (N) | 475±18 | 438±18 | 0.15 |
| VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | 30.7±0.9 | 29.9±1.1 | 0.61 |
| Body fat (%) | 40.6±1.0 | 40.5±0.9 | 0.94 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 5.1±1.2 | 5.0±1.1 | 0.70 |
| Current cigarette smoking | 7 | 10 | 0.62 |
| Quality of Life (AqoL-8D Total Score) | 65.1±1.6 | 63.1±1.6 | 0.37 |
| Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE Score) | 67.9±1.9 | 65.5±2.2 | 0.41 |
| Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-9) | 4.1±0.5 | 3.9±0.4 | 0.68 |
| Medications: anti-hyperglycaemic | 12 | 14 | 0.87 |
| Anti-hypertensive | 16 | 27 | 0.08 |
| Lipid lowering | 14 | 20 | 0.36 |
| Glycaemic status at baseline: NG | 39 (50.7%) | 37 (47.9%) | |
| Pre-diabetes | 29 (36.6%) | 31 (34.2%) | |
| T2DM | 13 (12.7%) | 13 (17.8%) |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%).
P values are for between-groups comparisons at baseline.
*Years (range).
ALT, alanine transaminase; ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk; AST, aspartate transaminase; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; HDCL, high density lipoprotein level; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDLC, low density lipoprotein level; NG, normal glucose; 1-RM, 1 repetition maximum; T2DM, type 2 diabetes.