Table 1

Study design and participants characteristics (n=18)

Reference (year), country	Study design and study duration	Sample size and condition	M/F	Age (years)	Outcome of interest
Andrade et al61 (2017), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 16 weeks	n=54, FM	0/54	AHIIT: 48±8 CG: 47±8	VO₂peak^p
Assis et al62 (2006), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 15 weeks	n=60, FM	0/60	DWR+AMICT: 43±11 LBHIIT: 42±11	VO₂peak^s
Carvahlo et al63 (2020), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 9 weeks	n=54, CLBP	17/37	AMICT+DWR: 47±10 AMICT: 46±11	6MWT^s
Chu et al71 (2004), Canada	2-arm RCT, 8 weeks	n=13, Chronic stroke	12/1	AHIIT: 61.9±9.4 CG: 63.4±8.4	VO₂max^p
Costa et al43 (2018), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 12 weeks	n=40, Dyslipidaemia	0/40	AHIIT: 46.24 (44.65, 47.83)^CI CG: 46.77 (44.78, 48.76)^CI	VO₂peak^s
Delevatti et al70 (2020), Brazil	3-arm RCT, 15 weeks	n=57, DM2	28/29	AHIIT: 58±7 AHIIT-COMBI: 61±7 CG: 59±10	VO₂peak^p
Emtner et al60 (1998), Sweden	2-arm RCT, 10 weeks	n=32, Asthma	18/14	AHIIT: 34±8 LBHIIT: 38±12	12MWT^p
Felcar et al66 (2018), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 26 weeks	n=70, COPD	23/13	AHIIT: 69±9 LBHIIT: 68±8	VO₂peak^s
Gallo-Silva et al67 (2019), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 8 weeks	n=43, COPD	43/0	AHIIT: 66±10 CG: 67±7	6MWT^s
Gorman et al72 (2019), USA	2-arm RCT, 12 weeks	n=37, CMISCI	28/9	AHIIT: 50±10 Robot LBHIIT: 45±13	VO₂peak^p
Kanitz et al64 (2021), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 12 weeks	n=22, CLBP	9/13	AHIIT: 35 (23 to 48)^CI AMICT: 41 (31 to 50) ^CI	VO₂peak^s
Kargarfard et al73 (2018), Iran	2-arm RCT, 8 weeks	n=32, MS	0/32	AHIIT: 37±9 CG: 36±7	6MWT^p
Mohr et al46 (2014), Denmark	3-arm RCT, 15 weeks	n=62, Mild arterial HT	0/62	AHIIT: 44±9.1 AMICT: 46±9.1 CG: 45±8.9	Yo-Yo IE^s
Munukka et al44 (2016), Finland	2-arm RCT, 16 weeks	n=87, OA	0/87	AHIIT: 64±2 CG: 64±2	VO₂peak^s
Olkoski et al65 (2021), Brazil	2-arm RCT, 9 weeks	n=48, CLBP	0/48	AMICT+DWR: 47±10 AMICT: 47±11	Kgf^p
Park et al69 (2019), South Korea	2-arm RCT, 12 weeks	n=84, PAD	0/84	AHIIT: 70±1 CG: 71±8	VO₂peak^s
Samadi et al45 (2019), Iran	2-arm RCT, 12 weeks	n=30, PCOS	0/30	20–35	VO₂peak^s
Wadell et al68 (2004), Sweden	3-arm controlled and semirandomised trial, 12 weeks	n=43, COPD	16/27	AHIIT: 65±4 LBHIIT: 65±7 CG: 65±7	VO₂peak^s

Data are expressed as mean±SD.
AHIIT, aquatic high-intensity interval training; AMICT, aquatic moderate-intensity continuous training; CG, control group; CI, 95% CI; CLBP, chronic low back pain; CMISCI, chronic motor incomplete spinal cord injury; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus type 2; DWR, deep water running; FM, fibromyalgia; HT, hypertension; IE, intermittent endurance; kgf, kilogram force; LBHIIT, land-based high-intensity interval training; MS, multiple sclerosis; MWT, 6–12 min walk test; OA, osteoarthritis; p, primary outcome; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; RCT, randomised controlled trial; s, secondary outcome.