Clinical outcomes
| Clinical outcomes | Control group (N=82) | Exercise group (N=16) | P-value |
| Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest*, n (%) | 4 (4.9) | 1 (6.3) | 1 |
| GRACE risk score†, n (%) | 116.9±23.4 | 115.7±23.7 | 0.87 |
| Localisation of STEMI on the ECG, n (%) | 0.85 | ||
| Anterior | 32 (39.0) | 7 (43.8) | |
| Lateral | 4 (4.9) | 1 (6.3) | |
| Inferior | 10 (48.8) | 8 (50.0) | |
| Posterior | 6 (7.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Coronary artery disease severity, n (%) | 0.03 | ||
| 1-vessel disease | 51 (62.2) | 5 (31.3) | |
| 2-vessel disease | 21 (25.6) | 8 (50.0) | |
| 3-vessel disease | 10 (12.2) | 2 (12.5) | |
| No significant coronary stenosis | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | |
| Time onset of symptoms to admission (hour) | 2.0 [1.2–5.3) | 4.0 [1.3–25.3) | 0.25 |
| Time of admission to CAG (hour) | 0.3 [0.1–0.8) | 0.2 [0.1–0.7) | 0.69 |
| TIMI flow baseline‡, n (%) | 0.33 | ||
| TIMI 0 | 43 (52.4) | 8 (50.0) | |
| TIMI 1 | 4 (4.9) | 3 (18.8) | |
| TIMI 2 | 17 (20.7) | 2 (12.5) | |
| TIMI 3 | 17 (20.7) | 2 (12.5) | |
| Unknown | 1 (1.2) | 1 (6.3) | |
| Treatment, n (%) | 0.08 | ||
| PCI | 76 (92.7) | 12 (75.0) | 1 |
| Balloon dilatation | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0) | |
| 1 x DES | 30 (39.5) | 5 (41.7) | |
| >1 x DES | 44 (57.9) | 7 (58.3) | |
| CABG | 4 (4.9) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Conservative | (2.4) | 1 (6.3) | |
| TIMI flow post treatment‡, n (%) | 0.59 | ||
| TIMI 0–2 (no to reduced perfusion) | 6 (7.3) | 0 (0) | |
| TIMI 3 (full perfusion) | 69 (84.1) | 12 (75.0) | |
| Unknown | 7 (8.5) | 4 (25.0) | |
| LVEF during hospitalisation§, n (%) | 0.91 | ||
| Normal—good (LVEF >50%) | 28/54 (51.9) | 5/10 (50.0) | 0.88 |
| Mildly reduced (LVEF 40%–50%) | 17/54 (31.5) | 4/10 (40.0) | |
| Moderately reduced (LVEF 30%–40%) | 8/54 (14.8) | 1/10 (10.0) | |
| Severely reduced (LVEF <30%) | 1/54 (1.85) | 0/10 (0) | |
| Time of MI to measurement LVEF (day) | 2.65±4.90 | 1.30±1.25 | |
| Creatinine at admission (µmol/L) | 80.7±28.2 | 79.3±14.2 | 0.85 |
| Hospitalisation duration (days) | 4.0 [3.0–8.0) | 3.0 [3.0–7.8) | 0.83 |
| LVEF during follow-up§, n (%) | 1 | ||
| Normal—good (LVEF >50%) | 16/21 (76.2) | 4/4 (100) | 0.71 |
| Mildly reduced (LVEF 40%–50%) | 4/21 (19.0) | 0/4 (0) | |
| Moderately reduced (LVEF 30%–40%) | 0/21 (0) | 0/4 (0) | |
| Severely reduced (LVEF <30%) | 1/21 (4.8) | 0/4 (0) | |
| Time of MI to measurement LVEF (day) | 63.8±42.9 | 80.3±79.2 | |
| MACE¶ hospitalisation, n (%) | 8 (9.8) | 1 (6.3) | 1 |
| MACE 30 days, n (%) | 8 (9.8) | 1 (6.3) | 1 |
| MACE 6 months, n (%) | 10 (12.2) | 2 (12.5) | 0.71 |
*Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest as a result of MI, before hospital admission.
†GRACE risk score provides an estimate of the probability of death within 6 months of hospital discharge in patients with acute coronary syndrome, score <100: Low risk—mortality <4.5%, score 100–127: Intermediate risk—mortality 4.5–11%, score >127: High risk—mortality >11%.
‡ TIMI flow grade is the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade, TIMI 0: complete occlusion, TIMI 1: penetration of obstruction by contrast but no distal perfusion, TIMI 2: perfusion of entire artery but delayed flow, TIMI 3: Full perfusion, normal flow.
§Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) provides an estimation of the left ventricular function and is measured with a transthoracic ultrasound. Not all patients receive an ultrasound, therefore the number is shown per the number of measured patients.
¶MACE is defined as reinfarction, target vessel revascularisation, cardiogenic shock or death.
CABG, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting; CAG, coronary angiogram; DES, Drug Eluting Stent; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; PCI, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; STEMI, ST elevation myocardial infarction; TIMI, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction.