Patient background and risk factor of heat-related illness on Paralympics athlete
| Paralympics | Total n=36 (%) | Minor degree | Moderate degree | Severe degree | P value | |||||
| n=15 (%) | n=21 (%) | n=0 (%) | ||||||||
| Patient factor | ||||||||||
| Gender* | Male | 22 | (61.1) | 7 | (19.4) | 12 | (33.3) | 3 | (8.3) | 1,00 |
| Female | 14 | (38.9) | 6 | (16.7) | 8 | (22.2) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Age† | 10s | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | |
| 20s | 15 | (41.7) | 6 | (16.7) | 7 | (19.4) | 2 | (5.6) | ||
| 30s | 11 | (30.6) | 4 | (11.1) | 6 | (16.7) | 1 | (2.8) | ||
| 40s | 7 | (19.4) | 3 | (8.3) | 4 | (11.1) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| 50s | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Home continents† | Asian | 6 | (16.7) | 3 | (8.3) | 3 | (8.3) | 0 | (0.0) | |
| African | 6 | (16.7) | 2 | (5.6) | 3 | (8.3) | 1 | (2.8) | ||
| American | 8 | (22.2) | 2 | (5.6) | 5 | (13.9) | 1 | (2.8) | ||
| Oceanian | 6 | (16.7) | 2 | (5.6) | 4 | (11.1) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| European | 10 | (27.8) | 4 | (11.1) | 5 | (13.9) | 1 | (2.8) | ||
| Environment factor | ||||||||||
| Venue zone† | Tokyo bay zone‡ | 10 | (27.8) | 4 | (11.1) | 6 | (16.7) | 0 | (0.0) | 0.48 |
| Heritage zone§ | 20 | (55.6) | 7 | (19.4) | 13 | (36.1) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Other venue | 6 | (16.7) | 4 | (11.1) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Location* | Outdoors venue | 31 | (86.1) | 14 | (38.9) | 17 | (47.2) | 0 | (0.0) | 0.38 |
| Indoors venue | 5 | (13.9) | 1 | (2.8) | 4 | (11.1) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Occurrence time† | Morning game (7:00 to 12:00) | 21 | (58.3) | 8 | (22.2) | 13 | (36.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 0.90 |
| Afternoon game (12:00 to 18:00) | 11 | (30.6) | 5 | (13.9) | 6 | (16.7) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Evening game (18:00 to 22:00) | 4 | (11.1) | 2 | (5.6) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| WBGT (°C)* | 21°C〜28°C | 16 | (44.4) | 15 | (41.7) | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 0.0004 |
| 28°C〜 | 20 | (55.6) | 5 | (13.9) | 12 | (33.3) | 3 | (8.3) | ||
| Sports factor | ||||||||||
| Athletic classification* | Endurance sports | 30 | (83.3) | 10 | (27.8) | 17 | (47.2) | 3 | (8.3) | 0.68 |
| Non-endurance sports | 6 | (16.7) | 3 | (8.3) | 3 | (8.3) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Endurance sports | Athletics (track and field marathon) | 19 | (52.8) | 6 | (16.7) | 12 | (33.3) | 1 | (2.8) | |
| Triathlon | 3 | (8.3) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (2.8) | 2 | (5.6) | ||
| Rowing | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Cycling | 2 | (5.6) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Wheelchair tennis | 2 | (5.6) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Football 5-a-side | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Swimming | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Non-endurance sports | Shooting | 4 | (11.1) | 2 | (5.6) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | |
| Sitting volleyball | 1 | (2.8) | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Table tennis | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Treatment factor | ||||||||||
| CWI | 3 | (8.3) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (8.3) | ||
| Intravenous injection | 1 | (2.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 4 | (11.1) | 1 | (2.8) | ||
| Ice towel | 35 | (97.2) | 15 | (41.7) | 18 | (50.0) | 2 | (5.6) | ||
| Ambulance transportation | 3 | (8.3) | 1 | (2.8) | 2 | (5.6) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
| Hospitalisation (<2 days) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | ||
Endurance sports: athletics (Track and field marathon), cycling, wheelchair tennis, rowing, triathlon, football 5-a-side and swimming; non-endurance sports: table tennis, sitting volleyball and shooting.
*Between the group, in the Ⅰ degree and Ⅱ degree/Ⅲ degree Fisher's exact probability test.
†Among the group, in the Ⅰ degree and Ⅱ degree/Ⅲ degree Fisher's exact probability test.
‡Tokyo Bay Zone; Aomi Urban Sports Park, Tokyo Aquatics Centre, Makuhari Messe Hall A, Sea Forest Waterway, Ariake Tennis Park and Odaiba Marine.
§Heritage Zone, Olympic Stadium and Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium; Other, Fuji international Speedway and Asaka Shooting Range.
CWI, cold water immersion; WBGT °C, wet-bulb globe temperature occurred at heat-related illness.