Table 1

Risk of bias assessment for randomised (top; N=100) and non-randomised trials (bottom; N=14) with percentages of low-risk, unclear-risk and high-risk evaluations expressed relative to the number of treatment arms (upper value) and the total number of data points (lower value)

Random sequence allocationAllocation concealmentBlinding of participantsBlinding of outcome assessorsIncomplete outcome biasSelective reportingOther bias
Randomised controlled trialsLow riskEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
UnclearEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
High riskEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
Non-randomised controlled trialsLow riskEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
UnclearEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image
High riskEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded ImageEmbedded Image