Risk of bias assessment for randomised (top; N=100) and non-randomised trials (bottom; N=14) with percentages of low-risk, unclear-risk and high-risk evaluations expressed relative to the number of treatment arms (upper value) and the total number of data points (lower value)
Random sequence allocation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants | Blinding of outcome assessors | Incomplete outcome bias | Selective reporting | Other bias | ||
Randomised controlled trials | Low risk | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Unclear | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
High risk | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
Non-randomised controlled trials | Low risk | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |
Unclear | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | |
High risk | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() |