Acute responses to blood pressure, blood glucose and plasma lipid levels
| Cardiometabolic markers | Golf | Nordic Walk | Walk | P value† | P value‡ | P value§ | P value¶ | |||||||||
| All (n=24) | All (n=25) | All (n=25) | ||||||||||||||
| Pre-exercise | Postexercise | Change | P value* | Pre-exercise | Postexercise | Change | P value* | Pre-exercise | Postexercise | Change | P value* | |||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 142±17 | 134±13 | –9±11 | <0.001 | 142±19.9 | 126±17 | –16±18 | <0.001 | 143±20 | 125±14 | –18±15 | <0.001 | 0.163 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 87±9 | 86±9 | –1±7 | 0.429 | 85±10.9 | 81±10 | –4±8 | 0.038 | 87±11 | 83±10 | –5±8 | 0.022 | 0.429 | |||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.07±1.12 | 5.03±1.12 | –0.05±0.2 | 0.152 | 5.02±1.07 | 4.95±1.06 | –0.07±0.2 | 0.126 | 5.12±1.12 | 5.00±1.15 | –0.1 | 0.034 | 0.786 | |||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.01±0.31 | 1.14±0.38 | 0.13±0.2 | 0.003 | 0.91±0.34 | 1.22±0.47 | 0.31±0.2 | 0.001 | 0.90±0.33 | 1.13±0.39 | 0.23±0.2 | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.130 | 1.00 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.92±0.87 | 2.85±0.98 | –0.07±0.2 | 0.023 | 2.92±0.97 | 2.83±0.94 | –0.08±0.2 | 0.019 | 2.92±0.87 | 2.87±0.91 | –0.05±0.1 | 0.036 | 0.635 | |||
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.69±0.52 | 1.73±0.52 | 0.04±0.06 | 0.002 | 1.71±0.54 | 1.69±0.52 | –0.02±0.06 | 0.353 | 1.73±0.55 | 1.71±0.56 | –0.02±0.07 | 0.170 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 1.00 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) | 5.83±0.56 | 5.84±0.76 | 0.01±1.0 | 0.794 | 5.83±0.58 | 6.48±0.73 | 0.64±0.9 | 0.003 | 5.64±0.42 | 6.96±0.78 | 1.3±0.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.071 | <0.001 | 0.081 |
n (total)=25, n (men)=16 (64%), n (women)=9 (36%).
Quantitative variables were expressed as means±SD and in mean (95% CI).
Bold values indicates a statistically significant difference with a p-value less than 0.05.
*To determine group differences pre-exercise and postexercise, the data were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
†To compare the differences in pre-exercise and change value between all groups, the data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
‡Pairwise comparison was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test with post hoc adjustment using the Bonferroni correction: Golf versus Nordic walking.
§Pairwise comparison was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test with post hoc adjustment using the Bonferroni correction: Golf versus walking.
¶Pairwise comparison was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test with post hoc adjustment using the Bonferroni correction: Nordic walking versus walking.
HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.