Characteristics of the participants
| Men | Women | All | P value*† | Cohen’s d‡ | |
| N=16 | N=9 | N=25 | |||
| Demographic outcomes | |||||
| Age (years) | 68±3.9 | 67±2.6 | 69±4.4 | 0.628 | −0.066 |
| Marital status | 0.088 | ||||
| Married | 15 (94%) | 5 (56%) | 20 (80%) | ||
| Divorced | 0 (0%) | 2 (22%) | 2 (8%) | ||
| Widowed | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) | 1 (4%) | ||
| Single | 1 (6%) | 1 (11%) | 2 (8%) | ||
| Employment status | 0.019 | ||||
| Retired | 14 (88%) | 8 (89%) | 22 (88%) | ||
| Working <40 hours/week | 2 (12%) | 1 (11%) | 3 (12%) | ||
| Cardiometabolic risk outcomes | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 79±8.9 | 70±5.3 | 76±8.9 | 0.024 | 1.153 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26±2.7 | 26±2.3 | 26±2.5 | 0.692 | 0.014 |
| The waist–hip ratio | 1±0.1 | 0.86±0.06 | 0.96±0.09 | <0.001 | 2.620 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 151±17 | 135±16 | 150±18 | 0.044 | 0.924 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 92±12 | 83±12 | 89±13 | 0.126 | 0.723 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.0±1.3 | 5.6±0.6 | 5.5±1.2 | 0.088 | −0.478 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.0±0.4 | 1.1±0.3 | 1.0±0.4 | 0.444 | −0.988 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/) | 2.8±1.0 | 3.0±0.4 | 2.9±0.9 | 0.164 | −1.030 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.6±0.5 | 2.0±0.6 | 1.7±0.5 | 0.034 | 1.751 |
| Haemoglobin A1c (mmol/) | 37.9±3.6 | 36.6±3.5 | 37.4±3.6 | 0.333 | 0.386 |
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) | 5.9±0.4 | 5.7±0.7 | 5.8±0.5 | 0.163 | 0.499 |
| Physical outcomes | |||||
| 6 min Walk Test (m) | 671±65 | 625±61 | 654±66 | 0.066 | 0.714 |
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 35±3 | 31±4 | 33±4 | 0.079 | 1.032 |
| SPPB score | 11.6±0.5 | 11.7±0.5 | 11.6±0.5 | 0.838 | −0.081 |
| Golf outcomes | |||||
| Handicap value (WHS) | 18.7±6.6 | 26.9±4.0 | 21.69±7.0 | 0.004 | −1.40 |
n (total) = 25, n(men) = 16 (64%), n (women) = 9 (36%).
Quantitative variables were expressed as means±SD and expressed in mean (95% CI).
Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentage values.
Bold values indicates a statistically significant difference with a p-value less than 0.05.
*To determine gender differences, data were analysed by Mann-Whitney U-test
†To determine gender differences, data were analysed by χ2 tests
‡To determine gender difference effect sizes, data were analysed by independent t-test
BMI, body mass index; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SPPB, short physical performance test; WHS, world handicap system.