Flight time | Duration (ms) elapsed between jockey losing seat (which they are unable to recover) and sustaining the first contact/impact |
Fall height: subjective assessment of the height at which the jockey’s fall/unseating occurs | Low: fall/unseat occurs from a height that does not exceed that of an average adult human |
Moderate: fall/unseat occurs from the height of a full-sized horse (height of the horse’s withers) |
High: fall/unseat occurs from the height of a full-sized horse in flight/jumping and exceeds that observed within the low-moderate ranges |
Direction of fall: the direction by which the jockey falls from the saddle | Anterior |
Lateral |
Posterior |
Anterolateral |
Posterolateral |
Flight/fall rotation (vertical axis): the amount of rotation that occurs upon the vertical axis (where observed) during the flight phase of the jockey’s fall | ≤90° |
91°– 180° |
181°– 270° |
271°– 360° |
Direction of rotation (vertical axis) | Clockwise |
Counterclockwise |
Flight/fall rotation (mediolateral axis): the amount of rotation that occurs upon the mediolateral axis (where observed) during the flight phase of the jockey’s fall | ≤90° |
91°– 180° |
181°– 270° |
271°– 360° |
Direction of rotation (mediolateral axis) | Forwards |
Backwards |
Flight/fall rotation (anteroposterior axis): the amount of rotation that occurs upon the anteroposterior axis (where observed) during the flight phase of the jockey’s fall | ≤90° |
91°– 180° |
181°– 270° |
271°– 360° |
Direction of rotation (anteroposterior axis) | Clockwise |
Counterclockwise |