Biomechanical description (median and range) of Achilles tendon ruptures in football players (n=42)
| Whole body biomechanics on the sagittal plane (n=42) | Injury pattern | ||||
| Variables | Total | Acceleration from standing | Cross-over cutting | Vertical jumping | Others |
| Trunk flexion IC (+ flexion, − extension) | 15 (−5, 75) | 13 (0, 75) | 8 (0, 30) | 18 (−5, 31) | 19 (6, 30) |
| Trunk flexion IF (+ flexion, − extension) | 16 (−5, 90) | 19 (−0, 90) | 14 (−5, 44) | 14 (2, 30) | 20 (5, 30) |
| Hip flexion IC (+ flexion, - extension) | 10 (−37, 65) | 8 (−33, 65) | 5 (−24, 38) | 20 (−37, 43) | 25 (−3, 34) |
| Hip flexion IF (+ flexion, − extension) | −20 (−55, 60) | −17 (−50, 60) | −27 (−55, 59) | 3 (−50, 40) | 0 (−32, 49) |
| Knee flexion IC (+ flexion, − extension) | 44 (10, 70) | 40 (12, 70) | 35 (10; 59) | 50 (10, 60) | 50 (30, 65) |
| Knee flexion IF (+ flexion, − extension) | 23 (0, 80) | 20 (7, 58) | 15 (0, 80) | 38 (13, 68) | 45 (10, 74) |
| Ankle flexion IC (+ dorsi-flexion, − plantar-flexion) | 0 (−35, 35) | −10 (−35, 35) | 4 (−34, 35) | 10 (0, 22) | 0 (−30, 15) |
| Ankle flexion IF (+ dorsi-flexion, − plantar-flexion) | 40 (15 59) | 39 (15, 59) | 39 (15, 52) | 42 (20, 54) | 44 (30, 51) |
| Foot biomechanics (n=60) | |||||
| Foot strike IC (sagittal plane) | |||||
| Forefoot | 37 (62%) | 25 (100%) | 4 (27%) | 7 (64%) | 3 (33%) |
| Flat foot | 12 (20%) | / | 8 (53%) | / | 2 (22%) |
| Heel strike | / | / | / | / | / |
| Unsure | 11 (18%) | / | 3 (20%) | 4 (36%) | 4 (44%) |
| Foot strike IF (sagittal plane) | |||||
| Forefoot | 10 (17%) | 8 (32%) | 2 (13%) | / | / |
| Flat foot | 37 (62%) | 17 (68%) | 10 (67%) | 5 (45%) | 5 (56%) |
| Heel | / | / | / | / | / |
| Unsure | 13 (22%) | / | 3 (20%) | 6 (55%) | 4 (44%) |
| Foot position at IF (frontal plane) | |||||
| Pronation | 29 (48%) | 12 (48%) | 11 (73%) | 1 (9%) | 5 (56%) |
| Supination | 1 (2%) | 1 (4%) | / | / | / |
| Neutral | 9 (15%) | 6 (24%) | / | 2 (18%) | 1 (11%) |
| Unsure | 21 (35%) | 6 (24%) | 4 (27%) | 8 (73%) | 3 (33%) |
| Foot rotation at IF (transverse) | |||||
| Externally rotated | 42 (70%) | 19 (76%) | 11 (73%) | 6 (55%) | 5 (56%) |
| Internally rotated | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Neutral | 5 (8%) | 3 (12%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) |
| Unsure | 13 (22%) | 3 (12%) | 3 (20%) | 5 (45%) | 3 (33%) |
IC, initial contact; IF, injury frame.