Table 2

Mechanism of injuries in circus arts

Type of contactExamples
No single identifiable event
  • An acrobat who trains in handbalancing and a Chinese pole has gradual onset of wrist pain over 3 weeks.

  • A juggler has gradual onset over 4 weeks of neck pain radiating into the arm, which he relates to working on a new act.

Non-contact (single event)
  • A banquine base feels sudden elbow pain after tossing the flyer into the air.

Indirect contact through an object
  • A musician rolls their ankle after being thrown off balance by a stage prop bumping into them during a transition between acts.

  • A trapeze artist overturns during a release manoeuvre and miscatches the trapeze (contacts with the hands but late in the turn), resulting in a rotator cuff strain.

Indirect contact with the ground
  • A stilt walker steps into a hole while doing an outdoor roaming act and has acute knee joint pain from a meniscus tear.

  • A Chinese pole artist slips and falls on an outstretched hand, resulting in a fractured clavicle.

Indirect contact through another artist
  • A ground acrobat contacts another acrobat’s shoulder while performing ensemble dance choreography, causing the second acrobat to lose balance and twist their knee, resulting in a meniscus tear.

Direct contact with an object
  • A ground acrobat is struck in the forearm by a spinning cyr wheel, resulting in a fracture of the radius.

  • An aerial acrobat has a skin abrasion following training on a rope.

  • An aerial acrobat loses hand grip while inverted on a trapeze and falls, hitting their head on an 8-inch crash mat, resulting in a concussion.

Direct contact with the ground
  • A tightwire artist has a fall from the apparatus, which results in hitting their knee on the ground, causing a patellar fracture.

  • An aerial acrobat performing without a mat misjudges height with a drop, hitting their head on the ground and sustaining a concussion.

Direct contact with another artist
  • Two hoop divers collide as they dive through the hoops going in opposite directions. One hoop diver kicks the other diver in the thigh, resulting in muscle contusion.

  • A trapeze base’s wrist is forced into hyperextension when catching the flyer from a dynamic release move, resulting in a wrist sprain.