Table 2

Examples of handball-specific injury prevention exercises (n=26) including physical principles and integrated psychological aspects developed by research team based on the results from expert consensus and subsequent discussion with key stakeholders, and feedback from coaches (n=7) and players (n=15) from workshops

Main body part (exercises, n)	Example of exercises	Included physical principles	Integrated psychological aspects	Feedback from coaches and players
Exercises integrated within warm-up				Coaches Positive feedback exercises generally practicable, relevant, and meaningful high activity in group exercise Feedback for improvement clear instructions re. Why (purpose and relevance to handball) and how§ instructions re. correct and incorrect movement technique§ instructions re. feedback§ video of exercises§ age-related (eg, smaller balls in grip exercises)§ progression of difficulty§ exercises in digital platform§ programme with selected exercises rather than choosing from a bank of exercises§ Players Positive feedback exercises fun, relevant, handball-specific, new and varying clear instructions re. why and how pairwise and group exercises fun‡ individual feedback important§ Feedback for improvement avoid too many new exercises at the same time§
Lower extremities (n=3)	Run with foot plant*; Forward lunge then lift back leg (as if to jump)†; Double-leg squats with partner in plank position	Hip-knee-foot alignment, soft and controlled landings, leg muscle strength	Pairwise‡, peer-feedback§ mindful muscle activation¶
Upper extremities (n=6)	Shoulder external rotation; Drop and catch ball††; Shoulder press*	Muscle strength posterior part of shoulder, grip	Pairwise‡, peer-feedback§, mindful muscle activation¶
Core (n=4)	Plank with arm wrestling and ball; Single-leg balance with ball; Slow-motion rotations–man-to-man†	Muscle strength core, shoulders, legs, and grip	Pairwise‡, competition‡, mindful muscle activation¶
Exercises integrated within handball skills training
Lower extremities (n=6)	Jumping and cutting exercises with catch and throw	Landing on both feet, hip-knee-foot alignment, soft and controlled landings, narrow cutting technique, leg muscle strength	Pairwise‡, peer-feedback§, competition†
Upper extremities (n=3)	Backwards throw*; Throw behind back; Overhead-throw	Muscle strength posterior part of shoulder, wrist	Pairwise‡, peer-feedback§
Core (n=2)	Core side to side with catch and throw; Core sit-up with catch and throw	Core muscle strength, wrist	Pairwise‡, peer-feedback§
Integrated strength (n=2)	Strength exercises coupled with specific handball skills practice, that is, shoulder – throwing; core—defence; jumping and landing—feint and cutting movements	Muscle strength core, shoulders and legs	Group exercise, players choose exercises from circuit program**

Balance, coordination, posture and flexibility included in most exercises and are not specifically detailed in physical principles
*Exercises from Fit to play (fittoplay.org).
†n=1 coach reported as difficult to put into practice for younger players
‡Relatedness (ie, aspect aligned with self-determination theory).
§Perceived competence (ie, aspect aligned with self-determination theory).
¶Task focus and body awareness.
**Autonomy (ie, aspect aligned with self-determination theory).
††n=3 coaches reported not relevant for younger players (gripping the ball difficult).