Quality of included studies
| Study | 1. Was the sample frame appropriate to address the target population? | 2. Were study participants sampled in an appropriate way? | 3. Was the sample size adequate? | 4. Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? | 5. Was the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample? | 6. Were valid methods used for the identification of the condition? | 7. Was the condition measured in a standard, reliable way for all participants? | 8. Was there appropriate statistical analysis? | 9. Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately? | Overall judgement |
| Constantini et al 20101 | Low | High | High | Low | High | High | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |
| Knapik et al 20112 | High | High | Unclear | Low | High | High | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |
| Lockie et al 201921 | High | High | Low | Low | High | Unclear | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |
| Orr et al 20163 | High | High | Low | Low | Unclear | High | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |
| Orr et al 201618 | High | High | High | Low | Unclear | High | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |
| Orr et al 201719 | High | High | Low | Low | Unclear | High | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |
| Tomes et al 202024 | High | High | Unclear | Low | High | High | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |
| Wang et al 200325 | Low | High | High | Low | High | High | High | Not applicable | Not applicable | Low |