Post-SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic echocardiography features
| Study | Patient selection | Age (years) | Time to echo (days) | Severity No. (%) | N | Troponin elevated No. (%) | LVEDD (mm/m2) | LVEF % | RV function/ TAPSE (mm) | Strain (%) | E/A, E/e’ ratio No. (%) | Segmental wall motion abnormalities, no. (%) | Pericardial effusion >5 mm, no. (%) | SPAP (mm Hg) | |
| LV | RV | ||||||||||||||
| Hendrickson et al31 | 5 SARS-CoV-2 recovered college athletes | 20 (18–27)† | NR | 1: 25 (18)† 2: 75 (55)† 3: 37 (27)† | 5 SARS-CoV-2 recovered college athletes | 4 (3)† | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0 (0) | 4 (3)† | NR |
| Gervasi et al22 | 18 professional soccer players recovered from COVID-19 (63.7% male) | 22 (21–27) | 15 | 1:6 (33) 2:12 (67) | 18 post-COVID-19 professional soccer players | 1 (5.6) | 55.5 (52–58) | 61 (58–63) | 19.5 (19–22) | NR | NR | 1.71 (1.5–1.9) | NR | NR | NR |
| 12 COVID-19 negative professional soccer players | NR | 53.5 (53–56) | 60.5 (55–62.5 | 20.5 (19–21) | NR | NR | 1.76 (1.6–2) | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| Moulson et al24 | 21 SARS-CoV-2 recovered athletes (52% male) | 20 (±2) | 15 (11–25) | 1: 5‡ 2: 4‡ 3: 4‡ 4: 8‡ | 21 SARS-CoV-2 recovered athletes | 24 (0.9)§ | NR | 51 (45–65) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1 (0.04)† | 6 (0.27)† | NR |
| Brito et al27 | 54 student athletes recovered from COVID-19 (85% male) | 19 (19–21) | 27 (22–33) | 1:16 (30) 2:36 (66) 3:2 (4) | 38 COVID-19 positive symptomatic athletes | 1 (3) | NR | 60 (55–64) | NR | −21.7 | −26.8 | 6.2 (5.6–7.5) | NR | 2 (5) | NR |
| 16 COVID-19 positive asymptomatic athletes | 0 (0) | NR | 58 (54–62) | NR | −21.4 | −28.05 | 6.9 (5.9–7.1) | NR | 1 (6) | NR | |||||
| 20 COVID-19 negative controls | 0 (0) | NR | 60 (53–77) | NR | −22.8 | −26.85 | 5.9 (4.7–7.4) | NR | 0 (0) | NR | |||||
| Cavigli et al23 | 90 professional athletes recovered from COVID-19 (71% male) | 24 (±10) | NR | 1:21 (23) 2:69 (77) | 90 post-COVID-19 professional athletes | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | NR |
| Martinez et al35 | 789 professional athletes recovered from COVID-19 (98.5% male) | 25 (19–41) | 19 (3–156) | 1: 329 (42) 2: 460 (58) | 789 post-COVID-19 professional athletes | 6 (0.8) | NR | 49 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.4) | NR |
| Daniels et al25 | 1597 SARS-CoV-2 recovered college athletes | NR | NR | NR | 1597 SARS-CoV-2 recovered college athletes | 6 (0.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
*1: asymptomatic-, 2: mild-, 3: moderate-, 4: severe symptoms.
†Percentage based on total echocardiography population (n=2231).
‡Values only based on SARS-CoV-2 perimyocardial/myocardial involved athletes (n=21); no data were reported for the total echocardiography study population (n=2231).
§Values based on the entire study (n=2719) population, not specified for the echocardiography study population.
LV, left ventricle; LVEDD, LV end-diastolic diameter ; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; NR, not reported; RV, right ventricle; SPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.