Recommended measurements and joint angular ranges for cycling 3D kinematics analysis
| Measurement | Abbreviation | Angular range | Description |
| Ankle minimum | AR.Min | 65–75 | Maximum dorsiflexion at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the knee-ankle line and the heel-foot line. |
| Ankle maximum | AR.Max | 90–100 | Maximum plantarflexion at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the knee-ankle line and the heel-foot line. |
| Ankle range | AR | 20–30 | The difference between ankle maximum and ankle minimum. |
| Ankle angle at bottom | AAB | 90–100 | The ankle angle at the bottom of the pedal stroke (180°). |
| Maximum knee flexion | MKF | 107–113 | Maximum flexion of the knee joint at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the hip-knee line and the knee-ankle line |
| Maximum knee extension | MKE | 32–42 | Maximum extension of the knee joint at any point in the pedal stroke defined by the hip-knee line and the knee-ankle line |
| Knee angle range | KAR | 70–75 | The difference between knee angle flexion and knee angle extension. |
| Knee forward of foot | KFF | −10 to 10 | The fore/aft offset of the knee marker relative to the foot marker captured at the forward part of the pedal stroke (3 o’clock or 90° down). A negative number indicates a knee that is aft of neutral. |
| Kee forward of spindle | KFS | −35 to −5 | The fore/aft offset of the knee marker relative to the pedal spindle at 3 o’clock in the pedal stroke (90° in the downstroke). |
| Knee travel tilt | KTT | −2 to 4 | The frontal plane angle of the tracing created by the moving knee marker with respect to vertical. A positive number indicates a knee that tracks away from the bike in the upstroke. A negative number represents a knee that tracks towards the bike in the upstroke. See the front view of the knee path for a visual representation of this measurement. |
| Knee lateral travel | KLT | 5–36 | The magnitude of the lateral movement of the knee |
| Hip angle closed | HAC | 66–76 | The most closed angle of the hip joint defined by the knee, hip and shoulder marker. |
| Hip angle open | HAO | 110–120 | The most open-angle of the hip joint defined by the knee, hip and shoulder marker. |
| Hip angle range | HAR | 40–45 | The difference between hip angle open and closed. |
| Hip lateral travel | HLT | 5–20 | The magnitude of the lateral movement of the hip |
| Back angle | BA | 50–65 | The angle of the back relative to the horizon defined by the hip and shoulder marker |
| Shoulder angle to wrist | SAW | 65–75 | The angle of the shoulder joint defined by the hip, shoulder, and wrist markers. |
| Shoulder angle to elbow | SAE | 60–70 | The angle of the shoulder joint defined by the hip, shoulder, and elbow markers. |