Table 6

Spearman’s rank correlations between patient-reported outcomes, function and key patellofemoral alignment measures

	3D measures (weightbearing)						2D measures (nonweightbearing)
	Proximal translation		Lateral translation		Mediolateral tilt		Insall Salvati Ratio		Bisect offset		Patellar tilt angle
	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P
Patient-reported outcomes
KOOS (n=15)†
Symptoms	−0.24	0.39	−0.45	0.09	−0.34	0.22	0.23	0.41	−0.43	0.11	−0.48	0.07
Pain	−0.63	0.01	−0.31	0.27	−0.35	0.20	−0.03	0.93	−0.15	0.60	−0.11	0.68
Activities of Daily Living	−0.49	0.06	−0.22	0.41	−0.28	0.31	0.15	0.59	−0.03	0.93	−0.24	0.40
Sport and Recreation	−0.38	0.16	−0.39	0.16	−0.40	0.14	−0.11	0.70	−0.37	0.18	−0.36	0.18
Quality of Life	−0.20	0.47	−0.63	0.01	−0.52	0.05	−0.01	0.98	−0.57	0.03	−0.65	<0.01
Patellofemoral	−0.41	0.13	−0.28	0.31	−0.23	0.42	−0.08	0.77	−0.24	0.40	−0.30	0.27
AKPS (n=15)	−0.58	0.02	−0.41	0.13	−0.50	0.06	0.09	0.75	−0.30	0.28	−0.36	0.19
Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (n=15)	0.21	0.44	−0.01	0.98	0.08	0.77	0.19	0.49	−0.22	0.42	−0.26	0.36
Knee Self-Efficacy Scale (n=15)
Daily Activities	−0.69	<0.01	−0.20	0.47	−0.34	0.22	−0.22	0.44	−0.10	0.72	0.01	0.98
Sport & Leisure	−0.49	0.06	0.03	0.91	−0.01	0.97	0.09	0.75	0.26	0.35	0.13	0.65
Physical Activities	−0.48	0.07	−0.39	0.15	−0.45	0.09	−0.06	0.83	−0.19	0.49	−0.16	0.57
Knee Function in the Future	−0.20	0.47	−0.20	0.48	−0.28	0.32	0.38	0.16	0.05	0.85	0.03	0.93
EQ-5D-5L (n=30)	−0.37	0.04	0.02	0.93	−0.31	0.10	−0.42	0.02	−0.49	<0.01	−0.35	0.06
Functional performance (n=30)
30 s chair stand test	−0.19	0.31	−0.02	0.94	0.09	0.63	−0.04	0.85	0.16	0.39	0.08	0.68
Repetitive single leg rises	−0.48	<0.01	−0.07	0.72	−0.18	0.34	−0.32	0.09	−0.24	0.21	−0.22	0.24
Timed 12 stair climb	−0.48	<0.01	0.16	0.41	−0.15	0.43	−0.33	0.07	−0.03	0.88	0.06	0.77

†Only participants with patellofemoral osteoarthritis completed knee-related patient-reported outcomes (n=15); all remaining comparisons are for the full sample (n=30).
Items in bold indicate moderate correlation (r ≥0.40), or statistical significance (p≤0.05).
Correlation signs have all been standardised to reflect that a ‘–’ sign indicates that as the patella moves further into malalignment (ie, more proximally, more laterally, or more lateral tilt), the outcome of interest worsens.
AKPS, Anterior Knee Pain Scale; EQ-5D-5L, Euro-Quality of Life 5-Dimension, 5-Likert scale; KOOS, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; PFOA, Patellofemoral osteoarthritis.