Clinical performance. All values reported as median (IQR) unless otherwise stated
| Patellofemoral OA | Control | Paired difference | |d| | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Function | |||||
| 30 s chair stand test (n) | 14 (2) | 14 (6) | 0 (6) | 0.4 | 0.22 |
| Repetitive one leg rises (n) | 4 (34) | 28 (34) | −16 (42) | 0.6 | 0.04 |
| Timed 12 stair climb (s) | 10.1 (3.0) | 8.9 (1.6) | 1.2 (4.0) | 0.6 | 0.03 |
| Range of motion | |||||
| Ankle dorsiflexion/shank length (%) | 24.0 (8.4) | 30.6 (11.2) | −4.8 (17.3) | 0.4 | 0.12 |
| Knee hyperextension (°) | 2.0 (6.0) | 3.5 (4.0) | −2.5 (8.0) | 0.4 | 0.14 |
| Knee flexion (°) | 137.5 (13.0) | 135.0 (10.0) | 0.0 (7.0) | 0.1 | 0.73 |
| Hip extension (°) | 16.5 (8.0) | 17.0 (8.0) | 1.0 (5.0) | 0.1 | 0.95 |
| Hip flexion (°) | 119.0 (24.0) | 125.5 (16.0) | −1.0 (25.5) | 0.3 | 0.39 |
| Hip internal rotation (°) | 39.0 (20.0) | 36.5 (10.5) | −4.0 (19.0) | 0.1 | 0.78 |
| Hip external rotation (°) | 44.0 (12.0) | 48.5 (14.0) | −1.5 (19.5) | 0.0 | 0.93 |
| Isokinetic strength | |||||
| Knee extension peak torque, 60°/s (% normalised to BW) | 145.6 (71.8) | 175.2 (85.3) | −16.1 (161.3) | 0.4 | 0.21 |
| Knee extension peak torque, 180°/s (% normalised to BW) | 105.1 (53.6) | 127.9 (46.5) | −22.8 (93.3) | 0.4 | 0.19 |
| Knee flexion peak torque, 60°/s (% normalised to BW) | 89.6 (28.2) | 94.8 (32.2) | 3.7 (41.1) | 0.2 | 0.86 |
| Knee flexion peak torque, 180°/s (% normalised to BW) | 66.3 (24.3) | 70.3 (31.8) | 0.7 (28.5) | 0.4 | 0.36 |
| Isometric strength | |||||
| Hip extension (Nm/kg) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.4) | −0.3 (1.0) | 0.2 | 0.64 |
| Hip abduction (Nm/kg) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.7) | −0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 | 0.22 |
| Hip internal rotation (Nm/kg) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.0 (0.5) | 0.1 | 0.98 |
| Hip external rotation (Nm/kg) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.4) | 0.2 | 0.47 |
| Single leg squats 2D angles | |||||
| Knee abduction (°)* | 174.3 (6.2) | 173.9 (9.0) | −0.6 (12.6) | 0.1 | 0.68 |
| Pelvis level (°)† | 1.2 (5.0) | 1.9 (1.3) | −0.4 (4.8) | 0.4 | 0.28 |
| Hip adduction (°)‡ | 79.1 (7.1) | 80.4 (7.7) | −0.5 (9.9) | 0.1 | 0.75 |
| Dynamic valgus index§ | 18.6 (14.0) | 14.5 (14.4) | 2.2 (22.5) | 0.0 | 0.92 |
| Sternal symmetry¶ | 41.2 (9.8) | 43.5 (11.2) | −3.1 (17.5) | 0.3 | 0.39 |
| Perceived effort hard or very hard n (%) | 10 (77%) | 5 (38%) | 0.05 |
*Angles <180°=valgus.
†Larger value=less contralateral hip drop.
‡Larger value=less hip adduction.
§Larger value=more combined hip adduction and knee valgus.
¶Horizontal distance of (ipsilateral anterior superior iliac spine, ASIS, to sternal marker) as a percentage of (contralateral ASIS to sternal marker), <50%=ipsilateral trunk lean or contralateral hipdrop.
BW, Body weight; |d|=Standardised effect size; IQR, IQR; OA, osteoarthritis.
Bold indicates at least a moderate effect size between groups, or statistical significance.