Population | ||||||||||
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Author/year/ref. | Country | Sample size (n) | Sex | Age at baseline (years) | Follow-up (years unless otherwise stated) | Measurement of the exposure | Type of the outcome | Covariates (maximally adjusted model) | Reference group | Main results (HR, 95% CI) |
Leitzmann et al 200730 | USA | 252 925 | Both | Range: 50–71 | 1 265 347 person-years | Questionnaire. One questionnaire at baseline (vigorous-intensity activity) and a second one 6 months later. Moderate intensity: average time spent each week in activities of at least moderate intensity during the previous year. Vigorous intensity: frequency of vigorous intensity per week | All-cause mortality CVD mortality Cancer mortality | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, family history of cancer, menopausal hormone therapy, aspirin use, multivitamin use, intakes of vegetables, fruit, red meat, and alcohol; and moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity exercise | No physical activity | All-cause mortality: Leisure time Moderate (>7 h/week): 0.68 (0.63 to 0.74) Vigorous (≥5 times/week): 0.71 (0.66 to 0.77) CVD mortality: Leisuretime Moderate: 0.65 (0.57 to 0.75) Vigorous: 0.71 (0.62 to 0.82) Cancer mortality: Leisure time Moderate: 0.83 (0.74 to 0.93) Vigorous: 0.95 (0.85 to 1.07) |
Autenrieth et al 201131 | Germany | 4672 | Both | Mean (SD): 49.6 (14.0) | 17.8 (median) | Questionnaire. Once at baseline. Time usually spent per week on PA during work, transportation, household and leisure time over the past year. No adjustments for other types of physical activity in total activity | All-cause mortality CVD mortality Cancer mortality | Sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, cancer, self-reported limited physical activity due to health problems and other domains of physical activity | No physical activity | All-cause mortality: Transportation Moderate: 1.16 (1.00 to 1.35) Vigorous: 0.95 (0.80 to 1.14) Leisure time PA Moderate: 0.78 (0.60 to 0.95) Vigorous: 0.48 (0.36 to 0.65) Total PA Moderate: 0.91 (0.76 to 1.10) Vigorous: 0.73 (0.59 to 0.90) CVD mortality: Transportation Moderate: 1.23 (0.98 to 1.55) Vigorous: 1.02 (0.78 to 1.34) Leisuretime PA Moderate: 0.97 (0.71 to 1.33) Vigorous: 0.50 (0.31 to 0.79) Total PA Moderate: 0.98 (0.74 to 1.30) Vigorous: 0.75 (0.55 to 1.03) Cancer mortality: Transportation Moderate: 1.19 (0.91 to 1.56) Vigorous: 0.89 (0.64 to 1.24) Leisure time PA Moderate: 0.56 (0.40 to 0.77) Vigorous: 0.36 (0.23 to 0.59) Total PA Moderate: 0.81 (0.60 to 1.11) Vigorous: 0.62 (0.43 to 0.88) |
Zhao et al 202032 | USA | 88 140 | Both | Range: 40–85 | 9 (median) | Questionnaire. Once at baseline. Frequency and duration of leisure time PA. Vigorous (ex, running, faster cycling, competitive sports); light and moderate (brisk walking, dancing, gardening) | All-cause mortality CVD mortality Cancer mortality | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, moderate or vigorous PA, education, marital status, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake | No physical activity reported in 6451 participants of the reference group (n=57 889 were included in the group: 0 min per week of vigorous) | All-cause mortality: Leisure time Vigorous (≥600 min/week): 0.58 (0.46 to 0.73) CVD mortality: Leisuretime Vigorous (≥600 min/week): 0.66 (0.40 to 1.07) Cancer mortality: Leisure time Vigorous (≥600 min/week): 0.61 (0.42 to 0.89) |
Lahti et al 201433 | Finland | 6429 | Both | Range: 40–60 | 12 (mean) | Questionnaire. Once at baseline. Time usually spent per week on PA during leisure time including transportation within the previous 12 months | All-cause mortality | Age, gender, occupational social class, physical and mental strenuousness of work, smoking and drinking problems, body mass index, physical functioning, mental health, limiting long-standing illness and volume of physical activity | Low moderate | All-cause mortality: Leisure time PA (including transportation) High moderate: 0.73 (0.49 to 1.1) Vigorous: 0.55 (0.32 to 0.94) |
Shiroma et al 201422 | USA | 7979 (M) 38 671 (F) | Both | M: mean (SD) 66.1 (7.7) F: mean (SD) 54.6 (7.0) | M: 17.3 (mean) F: 16.4 (mean) | Questionnaire. Number of self-reported the number of flights of stairs climbed daily and the number of blocks walked daily and frequency and duration spent doing sports or recreational activities. Physical activity questionnaires 3 times in men (baseline, 5 years later, 10 years later); in womens at baseline and every 2–3 years | All-cause mortality CVD mortality | M: Age, MVPA, smoking status, dietary factors, alcohol consumption, BMI, high cholesterol and hypertension F: Age, MVPA, BMI, high cholesterol, hypertension, clinical trial randomisation, smoking status, dietary factors, alcohol consumption, postmenopausal status, hormone therapy, and parental history of myocardial infarction | ≤10% of MVPA performed at vigorous intensity | All-cause mortality: Leisure time (>75% MVPA) Vigorous (M) 0.95 (0.82 to 1.09) Vigorous (F): 1.23 (1.11 to 1.36) CVD mortality: Leisure time (>75% MVPA) Vigorous (M): 0.83 (0.63 to 1.10) Vigorous (F): 1.15 (0.90 to 1.45) |
Gebel et al 201523 | Australia | 204 542 | Both | Range: 45–75 | 6.52 (mean) | Questionnaire. Once at baseline. Participants reported sessions (bouts of at least 10 min) and duration of walking and moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity activities in the past week | All-cause mortality | Age, sex, education, marital status, urban/rural residence, smoking status, weight status, physical function, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, and total weighted volume of MVPA | 0% of MVPA performed at vigorous intensity | All-cause mortality: Leisure time (≥30% MVPA) Vigorous (all sample) 0.87 (0.81 to 0.93) Vigorous (M) 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) Vigorous (F) 0.89 (0.80 to 0.99) No cardiometabolic diseases (≥30% MVPA) Vigorous (all) 0.86 (0.79 to 0.94) |
Kikuchi et al 201824 | Japan | 83 454 | Both | M: mean (SD) 61.5 (7.4) F: mean (SD) 62.0 (7.6) | 10.8 (mean) | Questionnaire. Three questionnaires: baseline, after 5 years and after 10 years. Frequency, intensity and duration of physical activity during leisure time | All-cause mortality | Age, sex, public health centres, smoking, drinking, BMI, diabetes history, hypertension status and MVPA | Physically inactive (<450 MET-min/week) 0% of MVPA performed at vigorous intensity | All-cause mortality: Leisure time Vigorous (M) 0.74 (0.62 to 0.89) Vigorous (F) 0.74 (0.58 to 0.94) All-cause mortality: Leisure time (≥30% MVPA) Vigorous (M) 1.01 (0.84 to 1.22) Vigorous (F) 1.04 (0.81 to 1.33) |
Rey-Lopez et al 201925 | UK | 64 913 | Both | M: mean (SD) 49.8 (13.6) | 9.0 (mean) | Questionnaire. Once at baseline. Frequency, intensity and duration of physical activity during leisure time (sports and exercise); duration, frequency and pace of walking; and domestic physical activity | All-cause mortality CVD mortality Cancer mortality | Age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, total weighted volume of MVPA, long-standing illness, BMI and psychological distress | 0% of MVPA performed at vigorous intensity | Excluding the first 24 months of follow-up: All-cause mortality: Leisure time plus domesticPA and walking (≥30% MVPA) Vigorous (all) 0.85 (0.75 to 0.95) CVD mortality: Leisure time plus domestic PA and walking (≥30% MVPA) Vigorous (all) 0.88 (0.69 to 1.11) Cancer mortality: Leisure time plusdomestic PA and walking (≥30% MVPA) Vigorous (all) 0.88 (0.73 to 1.07) |
BMI, body mass index; MVPA, moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity; PA, physical activity.
We contacted by email with Kikuchi et al 24 as they reported a mistake in their publication. In the upper CI of men for (≥30% MVPA), the correct upper CI value is 1.22, instead of the reported value of 0.80.