Comparisons of metabolic outcomes among seasons
| Variables | Group | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | HOME | 29.2±2.4‡ | 28.9±3.3†‡ | 29.4±2.6**‡ | 29.8±2.9** |
| GYM | 28.9±2.1 | 28.7±2.2 | 28.8±2.8 | 28.9±2.0 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | HOME | 93.8±9.5*‡ | 93.1±8.4‡ | 94.3±7.5**‡ | 95.7±4.2** |
| GYM | 92.6±6.9 | 92.4±4.6 | 92.6±5.3 | 92.8±6.1 | |
| FPG (mmol/L) | HOME | 5.6±0.6 | 5.6±0.7 | 5.7±0.9 | 5.8±0.8 |
| GYM | 5.6±0.4 | 5.5±0.6 | 5.6±0.5 | 5.6±0.6 | |
| HOMA-IR | HOME | 1.8±0.5‡ | 1.8±0.7‡ | 1.8±0.8‡ | 2.0±0.6** |
| GYM | 1.8±0.7 | 1.8±0.5 | 1.8±0.4 | 1.8±0.5 | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | HOME | 129.7±11.6 | 125.7±13.6 | 130.8±12.8 | 134.7±10.2 |
| GYM | 126.7±10.8 | 124.6±11.9 | 129.6±16.0 | 130.5±9.6 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | HOME | 72.0±7.5 | 71.7±9.3 | 72.2±6.8 | 73.6±9.3 |
| GYM | 69.5±8.4 | 69.2±9.8 | 69.5±11.1 | 69.3±8.2 | |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | HOME | 1.5±0.3 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 |
| GYM | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.3 | 1.5±0.4 | |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | HOME | 3.5±0.3 | 3.5±0.2 | 3.5±0.2 | 3.6±0.3 |
| GYM | 3.4±0.3 | 3.3±0.2 | 3.4±0.4 | 3.4±0.2 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | HOME | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.4±0.3 |
| GYM | 1.6±0.2 | 1.5±0.2 | 1.5±0.3 | 1.5±0.2 |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01 versus corresponding GYM group.
†p<0.01 and ‡p<0.01 versus corresponding autumn and winter in the same group, respectively.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GYM, people who performed supervised exercise at the hospital gym; HOME, people who performed self-managed exercise at or around their homes; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
Values are presented as mean±SD.