Mean (SD) tibial and sacral impact characteristics of senior fast bowlers that developed LBP (n=4) and those who didn’t develop LBP (n=10) (senior prospective)
| Tibial acceleration | LBP | No-LBP | P value | Effect size (d) | ||||
| BFI | FFI | BFI | FFI | BFI | FFI | BFI | FFI | |
| Peak Acc x (g) | 10.8 (6.3) | 17.5 (10.9) | 15.4 (6.6) | 28.7 (15.0) | 0.217 | 0.162 | −0.70 | −0.79 |
| Peak Acc y (g) | 5.7 (2.7) | 3.8 (2.0) | 7.1 (5.1) | 14.0 (9.0) | 0.616 | 0.006 | −0.32 | −1.30 |
| Peak Acc z (g) | 10.7 (6.1) | 17.8 (6.0) | 18.0 (8.6) | 27.6 (18.0) | 0.116 | 0.177 | −0.89 | −0.61 |
| Peak resultant Acc (g) | 19.6 (2.4) | 23.7 (9.0) | 24.5 (9.0) | 44.0 (19.4) | 0.139 | 0.022 | −0.62 | −1.16 |
| Time-to-peak Acc x (ms) | 27.1 (6.2) | 35.4 (15.8) | 30.5 (7.0) | 24.3 (12.2) | 0.406 | 0.142 | −0.50 | 0.84 |
| Time-to-peak resultant (ms) | 58.4 (12.3) | 61.8 (13.8) | 70.0 (7.0) | 58.6 (15.5) | 0.155 | 0.720 | −1.34 | 0.21 |
| Mean loading rate x (g.s-1) | 459.8 (180.0) | 744.2 (678.2) | 588.5 (301.9) | 1708.1 (1136.0) | 0.351 | 0.081 | −0.47 | −0.93 |
| Mean resultant loading rate (g.s-1) | 389.3 (119.2) | 461.0 (163.7) | 381.8 (152.6) | 900.5 (459.4) | 0.925 | 0.022 | 0.05 | −1.08 |
| Normalised peak Acc x (g.kg-1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.240 | 0.231 | −0.69 | −0.73 |
| Normalised resultant Acc (g.kg-1) | 0.2 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.138 | 0.034 | −0.62 | −1.22 |
| Sacral acceleration | ||||||||
| Peak vertical Acc (g) | 2.7 (0.8) | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.3) | 0.721 | 0.328 | −0.24 | −0.87 |
| Peak mediolateral Acc (g) | 1.6 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.6) | 0.525 | 0.147 | 0.37 | −0.88 |
| Peak anterioposterior Acc (g) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.2 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.6) | 0.811 | 0.437 | −0.18 | −0.59 |
| Resultant Acc (g) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.5 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.6) | 0.814 | 0.219 | −0.33 | −0.89 |
| Time-to-peak vertical Acc (ms) | 88.3 (18.7) | 70.8 (13.9) | 61.3 (14.5) | 66.8 (14.2) | 0.054 | 0.647 | 1.73 | 0.28 |
| Time-to-peak resultant Acc (ms) | 89.8 (16.6) | 72.3 (14.6) | 64.2 (16.4) | 69.0 (11.6) | 0.163 | 0.772 | 1.55 | 0.25 |
| Mean vertical loading rate (g.s-1) | 33.2 (9.6) | 53.7 (19.0) | 54.3 (23.0) | 58.0 (14.2) | 0.031 | 0.705 | −1.03 | −0.27 |
| Normalised peak vertical Acc (g.kg-1) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.00) | 0.574 | 0.454 | −0.33 | −0.64 |
Bold text denotes large effect size (d ≥0.9).
Acc, acceleration; BFI, back foot impact; FFI, front foot impact; g, units of gravity; kg, kilogram; LBP, low back pain; s, second.