APED use of competitive bodybuilders versus recreational strength trainers
| Characteristics* | Competitive | Recreational | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| (n=96) | (n=888) | |||
| Lifetime reported use of | ||||
| Insulin | 14 (14.5%) | 21 (2.36%) | 9.9 (4.7 to 21.1) | <0.001 |
| Human growth hormone | 12 (12.5%) | 56 (6.3%) | 3.2 (1.6 to 6.6) | <0.001 |
| Insulin-like growth factor-1 | 13 (13.5%) | 27 (3.04%) | 7.6 (3.6 to 16.1) | <0.001 |
| Clenbuterol | 37 (38.5%) | 119 (13.4%) | 5.4 (3.3 to 8.8) | <0.001 |
| Tri-iodothyronine† | 26 (27.1%) | 74 (8.33%) | 6.4 (3.6 to 11.2) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics‡ | 5 (5.2%) | 12 (1.35%) | 5.6 (1.8 to 16.8) | 0.002 |
| Spent more than $1000 annually on drugs and supplements | 38 (39.6%) | 192 (21.6%) | 3.0 (1.8 to 4.8) | <0.001 |
*Data are reported as mean (SD) or n (%) as appropriate.
†Data missing on four recreationals and one competitor.
‡Acetazolamide, furosemide, spironolactone and/or hydrochlorothiazide.
APED, appearance-enhancing and performance-enhancing drug.