GEE model: repeated measures assessment of risk of depressive symptoms* following injury
| Parameter | β | SE | OR | OR 95% CI | P value |
| Intercept | −2.51 | 0.28 | 0.08 | 0.05 to 0.14 | <0.001 |
| Diagnosed concussion | 2.18 | 0.62 | 8.878 | 2.65 to29.77 | <0.001† |
| Subconcussive impact | 0.13 | 0.27 | 1.133‡ | 0.67 to 1.92 | 0.641 |
| Other injury | −0.17 | 0.23 | 0.840 | 0.53 to 1.32 | 0.451 |
*Depressive symptoms assessed as a binary variable, with Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D20) sum score ≥16, indicating presence of clinically relevant depressive symptoms.
†Bold values denote statistical significance at p<0.05; OR derived from Exp(β). OR>1.00 indicates an increase in the risk of depression.
‡Despite a non-significant association, OR (Expβ) denotes an increase in depressive symptoms, per subconcussive impact reported.
GEE, generalised estimating equation.