Regression analysis (standardised beta-coefficients and 95 % CI) of active commuting and its subgroups in body composition, physical fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors adjusted for age, smoking, measurement site, leisure-time and occupational physical activity
| Active commuting (n=568) | Cycling (n=105) | Walking (n=76) | |
| Body composition | |||
| Body mass (kg) | −2.15 (−4.69 to 0.39) | −3.62 (−6.77 to −0.47)* | −0.15 (−3.73 to 3.44) |
| Body mass index | −0.66 (−1.36 to 0.05) | −0.94 (−1.82 to −0.07)* | −0.27 (−1.26 to 0.73) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | −1.72 (−3.55 to 0.10) | −2.57 (−4.82 to −0.33)* | −0.52 (−3.12 to 2.08 |
| Physical fitness | |||
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 2.01 (0.77 to 3.24)*** | 4.31 (2.81 to 5.80)*** | −1.25 (−2.96 to 0.49) |
| Standing long jump (cm) | −3.39 (−7.79 to 1.01) | −1.91 (−7.34 to 3.52) | −5.45 (−11.70 to 0.81) |
| Sit-ups (reps/min) | 1.34 (−0.47 to 3.16) | 1.68 (−0.56 to 3.91) | 0.87 (−1.71 to 3.46) |
| Push-ups (reps/min) | −2.38 (−4.53 to −0.23)* | −2.12 (−4.76 to 0.53) | −2.75 (−5.81 to 0.32) |
| Maximal strength in bench press (N) | −18.35 (−33.88 to −2.83)* | −25.28 (−44.39 to −6.16)* | −8.57 (−30.68 to 13.54) |
| Maximal strength in leg extension (N) | −6.41 (−9.97 to −2.85)*** | −9.37 (−13.73 to −5.00)*** | −2.24 (−7.29 to 2.82) |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | |||
| Clustered cardiometabolic risk | −0.08 (-0.17 to 0.01) | −0.11 (-0.22 to −0.01)* | −0.04 (-0.16 to 0.08) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | −1.61 (−3.65 to 0.43) | −1.59 (−4.10 to 0.92) | −1.63 (−4.54 to 1.27) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | −0.53 (−2.02 to 1.01) | −0.72 (−2.59 to 1.15) | −1.99 (−2.36 to 1.96) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.07) | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.13) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.07 (−0.21 to 0.07) | −0.11 (−0.28 to 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.21 to 0.18) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.17 to 0.09) | −0.03 (−0.18 to 0.11) |
| Apo-A (g/L) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) |
| Apo-B (µg/L) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08) |
| Apo-A/Apo-B ratio | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.15 to 0.12) | 0.09 (−0.07 to 0.24) |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) |
| Insulin (mlU/L) | −0.09 (−0.25 to −0.07) | −0.22 (−0.44 to 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.19 to 0.21) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | −0.23 (−0.75 to 0.28) | −0.41 (−1.05 to 0.23) | 0.01 (–0.73 to 0.73) |
| Inflammatory factors | |||
| Adiponectin (mmol/L) | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.08 to 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.11) |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.14 (−0.12 to 0.40) | 0.13 (−0.13 to 0.38) | −0.06 (−0.36 to 0.23) |
| CRP (pg/mL) | −0.07 (−0.76 to 0.61) | −0.06 (−0.34 to 0.21) | 0.07 (−0.24 to 0.38) |
*p<0.05 significant difference compared with passive travel; ***p<0.001 significant difference compared with passive travel.
Apo-A, apolipoprotein A; Apo-B, apolipoprotein B; CRP, C reactive protein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IL-6, interleukin-6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.