Characteristics of 243 respondents
| Elite swimmers (n=101) | Non-elite swimmers (n=56) | Non-swimming athletes (n=36) | Controls (n=50) | P value | |
| Gender, M:F (M:F, %) | 50:51 (50:50) | 26:30 (46:54) | 9:9 (50:50) | 26:24 (52:48) | NS* |
| Age (years) | 18 (±5) | 19 (±5) | 21 (±4) | 19 (±5) | NS* |
| Smokers (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS* |
| BMI (mean±SD) | 22.8 (±3.1) | 23.6 (±3.5) | 21.1 (±2.8) | 24.4 (±5.6) | NS* |
| Rhinitis (%) | 45† (45) | 16 (29) | 12 (33) | 12 (24) | 0.049* |
| Excessive daytime sleepiness (%) | 16 (16) | 8 (14) | 5 (14) | 2 (4) | NS* |
| Poor sleepers (%) | 48 (48) | 41† (73) | 23† (64) | 18 (36) | 0.003* |
| PSQI global score (mean±SD) | 4.78 (2.633) | 5.82 (2.898) | 5.83 (3.019) | 4.77 (2.149) | NS‡ |
| ESS global score (mean±SD) | 6.68 (3.656)† | 6.30† (4.013) | 6.67† (4.256) | 4.77 (3.472) | 0.026‡ |
*P value: overall χ2.
†Significant compared with controls (p<0.05).
‡P value: overall Kruskal-Wallis.
BMI, body mass index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; NS, non-significant; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.