Table 1

Assessment of methodological quality of the studies selected: 22 items following the STROBE reporting guidelines

Title and abstractBackgroundObjectivesStudy designSettingParticipant criteriaVariablesData sourcesBiasStudy sizeQuantitative variablesStatistical methodsParticipants during the studyDescriptive dataOutcome dataMain resultsOther analysesKey resultsLimitationsInterpretationGeneralisabilityFundingTotal
Mokha et al 41 +++++−+++−++−++++++++−18
O’Connor et al 35 −++++−++++++−+++++++−+18
Hotta et al 39 −+−+−++++++++−+++++++−17
Warren et al 40 +++−−+++−−+++++++++++−17
Bond et al 36 −+++−+++−−++−++−++++++16
Chorba et al 32 −+−−++++−−+++++++++++−16
Dossa et al 33 ++++−−+++−++−+++++++−−16
Kodesh et al 38 −+−−++++−+++−+−+++++++16
Knapik et al 31 −+−++−+++−++−+++++−++−15
Butler et al 34 −++−++++−−++−−−++++++−14
Bushman et al 37 ++−−−+++−−++−+++++−++−14
Garrison et al 42 +++−−+++−−++−−−++++++−14
Kiesel et al 9 −+−−−−++−−++−−++++++−−11

  • +, met the criteria; −, did not meet the criteria.

  • STROBE, Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology.