Mean maximum angles and moments (with 95% CI) produced at each ball position Foot and ankle movements are as defined by Abboud26
| Joint | Direction of angle | Ball in front | Ball in line | Ball behind | P value |
| Ankle | Maximum dorsiflexion (°) | 11.5±3.0 | 11.4±3.6 | 11.3±4.0 | |
| Maximum plantarflexion (°) | 20.5±5.0 | 22.1±6.6 | 23.3±6.7 | ||
| Sagittal ROM (°) | 32.0±3.8 | 33.5±4.4 | 34.6±4.0 | ||
| Maximum inversion (°) | 5.5±1.6 | 5.0±2.2 | 5.3±2.5 | ||
| Maximum eversion (°) | 6.2±5.2 | 7.7±6.7 | 7.2±7.0 | ||
| Coronal ROM (°) | 11.7±3.7 | 12.7±4.7 | 12.5±4.7 | ||
| Maximum adduction (°) | 10.6±6.5 | 10.3±6.4 | 7.7±5.9 | ||
| Maximum abduction (°) | 17.4±5.3 | 19.6±5.4 | 22.5±4.8 | p=0.002*, p<0.001‡† | |
| Transverse ROM (°) | 28.0±3.4 | 29.8±2.9 | 30.2±3.6 | ||
| Knee | Maximum flexion (°) | 77.1±3.1 | 77.4±3.3 | 78.2±3.7 | |
| Sagittal ROM (°) | 61.3±2.8 | 59.5±3.1 | 62.5±3.7 | ||
| Maximum adduction (°) | 20.2±2.7 | 20.4±2.9 | 22.7±2.8 | p=0.004†, p=0.001‡ | |
| Maximum abduction (°) | 2.6±1.8 | 2.8±1.9 | 1.6±1.5 | ||
| Coronal ROM (°) | 22.8±2.3 | 23.2±2.0 | 24.3±2.0 | ||
| Maximum internal rotation (°) | 22.0±3.0 | 21.7±3.0 | 20.6±3.1 | ||
| Maximum external rotation (°) | 6.4±3.4 | 6.4±3.6 | 6.0±3.4 | ||
| Transverse ROM (°) | 28.4±2.1 | 28.1±2.3 | 26.6±2.2 | ||
| Hip | Maximum flexion (°) | 123.3±2.5 | 120.9±2.2 | 120.6±3.3 | p=0.013*, p=0.032† |
| Sagittal ROM (°) | 82.9±7.0 | 80.4±6.8 | 87.0±7.0 | p=0.039‡ | |
| Maximum adduction (°) | 7.8±1.9 | 4.3±1.9 | −0.76±2.1 | p<0.001*†‡ | |
| Maximum abduction (°) | 31.8±2.8 | 32.7±2.7 | 35.0±2.7 | p=0.002†, p=0.038‡ | |
| Coronal ROM (°) | 39.6±2.6 | 37.1±2.7 | 34.9±2.8 | p=0.026*, p=0.001† | |
| Maximum internal rotation (°) | 2.7±2.3 | 1.7±2.4 | 0.8±2.7 | ||
| Maximum external rotation (°) | 25.7±2.7 | 27.2±2.8 | 27.9±2.5 | ||
| Transverse ROM (°) | 28.3±2.8 | 29.0±2.9 | 28.8±3.0 |
| Joint | Direction of moment | Ball in front | Ball in line | Ball behind | P value |
| Ankle | Maximum dorsiflexion (Nmm/kg) | 1151.3±84.9 | 1174.6±79.6 | 1038.5±80.9 | p=0.012†, p<0.001‡ |
| Maximum plantarflexion (Nmm/kg) | 259.1±30.0 | 255.0±38.7 | 256.2±34.3 | ||
| Maximum inversion (Nmm/kg) | 28.5±15.4 | 33.2±17.9 | 30.1±15.5 | ||
| Maximum eversion (Nmm/kg) | 615.3±56.9 | 675.2±70.5 | 648.5±61.7 | p=0.037* | |
| Maximum adduction (Nmm/kg) | 366.6±39.3 | 326.0±34.0 | 268.5±36.8 | p=0.021*, p<0.001†‡ | |
| Maximum abduction (Nmm/kg) | 117.1±16.3 | 116.1±12.4 | 116.3±14.0 | ||
| Knee | Maximum flexion (Nmm/kg) | 1045.1±84.9 | 1087.2±93.0 | 1035.3±75.8 | |
| Maximum extension (Nmm/kg) | 631.1±82.0 | 663.5±94.3 | 813.5±102.7 | p=0.001†, p=0.008‡ | |
| Maximum adduction (Nmm/kg) | 796.5±64.8 | 771.7±64.8 | 765.5±69.1 | ||
| Maximum abduction (Nmm/kg) | 270.0±54.0 | 249.3±44.2 | 227.8±36.8 | ||
| Maximum internal rotation (Nmm/kg) | 109.7±28.9 | 92.9±20.9 | 89.9±27.1 | ||
| Maximum external rotation (Nmm/kg) | 859.3±75.7 | 899.2±115.7 | 964.6±64.9 | p=0.025‡, p=0.004† | |
| Hip | Maximum flexion (Nmm/kg) | 3131.3±227.6 | 3116.5±262.68 | 2985.5±154.9 | |
| Maximum extension (Nmm/kg) | 955.0±153.31 | 1122.43±227.3 | 1097.1±202.1 | ||
| Maximum adduction (Nmm/kg) | 1115.8±112.9 | 1004.0±170.5 | 947.5±127.9 | p=0.041† | |
| Maximum abduction (Nmm/kg) | 1160.7±196.9 | 1273.5±320.2 | 1189.5±182.8 | ||
| Maximum internal rotation (Nmm/kg) | 818.7±126.4 | 936.4±197.8 | 848.3±123.6 | ||
| Maximum external rotation (Nmm/kg) | 993.7±139.4 | 1137.22±262.9 | 993.3±101.0 |
For completeness, the angles and moments produced are presented graphically in figure 5.
Foot and ankle movements are as defined by Abboud26
*Ball in front vs ball in line.
†Ball in front vs ball behind.
‡Ball in line vs ball behind.
ROM, range of motion.