Table 3

Markers evaluated by the EROS study and included in the present analysis (aside from inclusion criteria for all groups: body mass index, age and sex)

Study/tests	Markers (total number of markers: 67)
EROS-HPA axis	Total number of evaluated markers: 15
Basal ACTH and cortisol and their response to an insulin tolerance test (ITT)	(1) Basal ACTH (pg/mL) and (2) cortisol (µg/dL) (3) ACTH and (4) cortisol during hypoglycaemia (5) ACTH and (6) cortisol 30 min after hypoglycaemia (7) ACTH and (8) cortisol increase during ITT
Cortisol response to a cosyntropin stimulation test (CST)	(9) Cortisol at 30 min and (10) at 60 min after injection
Salivary cortisol rhythm	(11) Salivary cortisol (ng/dL) at awakening and (12) 30 min after (13) at 16:00 and (14) at 23:00 (15) Cortisol awakening response
EROS-STRESS	Total number of evaluated markers: 7
GH and prolactin response to an ITT	(1) Basal (GH) (µg/L) and (2) prolactin (ng/mL) (3) GH and (4) prolactin during hypoglycaemia (5) GH and (6) prolactin 30 min after hypoglycaemia (7) Prolactin increase during ITT
EROS-BASAL	Total number of evaluated markers: 26
Hormonal markers	(1) Total testosterone (ng/dL) and (2) oestradiol (pg/mL) (3) IGF-1 (pg/mL), (4) TSH (µUI/mL) and (5) free T3 (pg/mL) (6) Total catecholamines and (7) metanephrines (both µg/12 hours) (8) Noradrenaline, (9) epinephrine and (10) dopamine (all µg/12 hours) (11) Metanephrines and (12) normetanephrines (both µg/12 hours)
Biochemical markers	(13) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hour) and (14) haematocrit (%) (15) C reactive protein (mg/dL) and (16) lactate (nmol/L) (17) Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) and (18) ferritin (ng/mL) (19) Neutrophils, (20) lymphocyte and (21) eosinophils (all /mm³) (22) Creatine kinase (U/L)
Ratios	(23) Testosterone-to-oestradiol and (24) testosterone-to-cortisol ratios (25) Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and (26) platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios
EROS-PROFILE	Total number of evaluated markers: 19
General patterns	(1) Duration of night sleep (hour) and (2) self-reported sleep quality (0–10) (3) Self-reported libido (0–10)
Psychological patterns	(4) Profile of Mood State questionnaire (total score: −32 to +120) (5) Anger (0–48) and (6) confusion (0–28) subscales (7) Depression (0–60) and (8) vigour (0–32) subscales (9) Fatigue (0–28) and (10) tension (0–36) subscales
Body metabolism analysis	(11) Measured-to-predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR, %) (12) Percentage of fat burning compared with total BMR (%)
Body composition	(13) Body fat percentage (%) and (14) muscle mass weight (kg) (15) Body water percentage (BW, %) and (16) extracellular water compared with total BW (%) (17) Visceral fat (cm²) and (18) waist circumference (cm) (19) Chest-to-waist circumference

ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; EROS, Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1; TSH, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.