Characteristics of the participants (n=111)
| Variable | Mean±SD | |
| Age (years) | 23.7±4.8 | |
| Weight (kg) | 71.0±9.9 | |
| Height (cm) | 176.9±5.9 | |
| Body mass index | 22.8±2.1 | |
| Lean mass (kg) | 56.4±6.4 | |
| Body fat (%) | 20.6±4.4 | |
| Ethnicity | n (%) | |
| Qatari | 62 (55.9) | |
| Other Middle East | 27 (24.3) | |
| Africa | 11 (9.9) | |
| Persia | 9 (8.1) | |
| Asia | 1 (0.9) | |
| Europe | 1 (0.9) | |
| Time to bed | ||
| Before 23:00 | 6 (5.4) | |
| 23:00 to 01:00 | 64 (57.4) | |
| 01:00 to 03:00 | 29 (26.1) | |
| 03:00 or later | 12 (10.8) | |
| Wake-up time | ||
| Before 06:00 | 10 (9.0) | |
| 06:00 to 09:00 | 45 (40.5) | |
| 09:00 to 12:00 | 48 (43.2) | |
| 12:00 and later | 8 (7.2) | |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | ||
| PSQI <5 | 35 (31.5) | |
| PSQI ≥5 (poor sleep quality) | 76 (68.5) | |
| Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) | ||
| ISI <11 | 81 (73.0) | |
| ISI ≥11 (subclinical insomnia) | 30 (27.0) | |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) | ||
| ESS ≤8 | 86 (77.5) | |
| ESS >8 (excessive daytime sleepiness) | 25 (22.5) | |