Table 3

Echocardiogram characteristics of collegiate football players indexed to BSA

Echo metric/BSA (mm/m²)	Overall	Race		Mean difference (95% CI)	Effect size Cohen’s d	Position group		Mean difference (95% CI)	Effect size Cohen’s d
	Overall	Black	White	Mean difference (95% CI)	Effect size Cohen’s d	Non-linemen	Linemen	Mean difference (95% CI)	Effect size Cohen’s d
	Mean (SD) (range)	Mean (SD) (range)			Mean (SD) (range)
LVEDD	23.0 (2.6) (14.5–32.0)	22.8 (2.6) (17.1–29.7)	23.4 (2.5) (14.5–32.0)	0.66 (0.13 to 1.2)	0.24*	24.1 (2.3) (14.5–32.0)	21.3 (2.0) (17.1–27.7)	2.8 (2.4 to 3.3)	1.30**
IVSD	4.41 (0.61) (2.97–6.45)	4.49 (0.63) (2.97–6.45)	4.30 (0.56) (3.04–6.20)	0.20 (0.07 to 0.32)	0.32*	4.55 (0.61) (3.03–6.45)	4.17 (0.53) (2.97–5.45)	0.38 (0.26 to 0.51)	0.66**

Sample size (n) for LVEDD and IVS: overall (375), black (216), white (158), non-linemen (238) and linemen (137).
*P<0.05, **p<0.001
BSA, body surface area; IVSD, interventricular septum diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastole diameter.