Endocrine and metabolic biomarkers
| Biomarker | Mean±SD | Range: minimum to maximum | Change in mean | P value where significant |
| Albumin (35 to 52 g/L) | 44.9±3.0 | 36.8 to 51.0 | 1.62 | 0.001 |
| Albumin, Z-score | 0.36±0.73 | −1.54 to 2.06 | 0.42 | |
| Alkaline phosphatase (0 to 129/149 IU/L) | 64.4±23.5 | 33.0 to 156.0 | −0.62 | |
| Alkaline phosphatase, Z-score | −0.03±0.62 | −0.96 to 2.14 | −0.04 | |
| Corrected calcium (2.12 to 2.5 mmol/L) | 2.40±0.11 | 2.17 to 2.78 | −0.02 | |
| Corrected calcium, Z-score | 0.94±1.15 | −1.44 to 4.85 | −0.06 | |
| Testosterone (total) (6.68/8.64 to 25.7/29.0 nmol/L) | 14.88±4.18 | 8.15 to 23.10 | −0.04 | |
| Testosterone (total), Z-score | −0.66±0.88 | −2.05 to 1.26 | −0.01 | |
| Triiodothyronine (free) (3.1 to 6.8 pmol/L) | 5.29±0.71 | 3.83 to 6.95 | 0.48 | <0.001 |
| Triiodothyronine (free), Z-score | 0.37±0.76 | −1.19 to 2.12 | 0.50 | |
| Vitamin D (25-hydroxy) (50 to 175 nmol/L) | 90.6±23.8 | 57.3 to 143.0 | 13.0 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin D (25-hydroxy), Z-score | −0.69±0.75 | −1.73 to 0.96 | 0.41 |
Values in parentheses indicate relevant population reference ranges (age-specific for testosterone).
Z-scores calculated from reference range (age-specific for testosterone).
The change in mean is for all 45 cyclists post season versus pre-season.