Instruments used for sleep quality monitoring
| Instruments | Percentage of articles (%)* | Validity (%)† | Reliability (%)† | |
| 1 | Actigraphy (7 different devices were used)‡ | 32 (25 articles) | 84 of articles | 80 of articles |
| 2 | Rating Likert scales (no references were provided) | 19 (15 articles) | 0 of articles | 7 of articles |
| 3 | Rating Likert scale (based on Hooper and Mackinnon 1995103) | 18 (14 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 4 | Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al 1989) | 12 (9 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 5 | Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Johns 1991) | 8 (6 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 6 | RESTQ-Sport (Kellmann; Kallus 2001) | 8 (6 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 7 | Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire (Waterhouse et al 2000) | 6 (5 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 8 | PROMIS (Yu et al 2011) | 6 (5 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 9 | Polysomnography (3 different devices were used)§ | 5 (4 articles) | Gold standard | Gold standard |
| 10 | Rating Likert scale (based on Kölling et al 2014) | 4 (3 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 11 | Sleep diary (no reference was provided) | 4 (3 articles) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 12 | Insomnia Severity Index (Bastien 2001) | 3 (2 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 13 | Visual Analogue Scale (no reference was provided) | 3 (2 articles) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 14 | Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Hoddes et al 1972, 1973) | 3 (2 articles) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 15 | Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire (Partinen; Gislason 1995) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 16 | Competitive Sports and Sleep Questionnaire (Erlacher et al 2011) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 17 | Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (Akerstedt 1990) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 18 | Peripheral Arterial Tonometry (PAT, WatchPAT-200; Itamar Medical) | 1 (1 article) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 19 | Photoplethysmography (Morpheus Ox; WideMed) | 1 (1 article) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 20 | Portable sleep apnoea monitoring (Apnealink) | 1 (1 article) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 21 | Question (no reference was provided) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 22 | Rating Likert scale (based on Brandt et al 2014) | 1 (1 article) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 23 | Rating Likert scale (based on Carney et al 2012117) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 24 | Rating Likert scale (based on Rains et al 2012) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 25 | Self-Assessment Questionnaire of Sleep and Awakening quality (Salute et al 1987) | 1 (1 article) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 26 | Sleep-Apnea Screening Questionnaire (no reference was provided) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 27 | Self-report diaries (based on Sargent et al 2001) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 28 | Sleep-EEG (Fp2-A1; Somnowatch) | 1 (1 article) | 0 of articles | 0 of articles |
| 29 | Subjective sleep questionnaire: Regman (German Federal Institute of Sport Science) | 1 (1 article) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
| 30 | Total Quality Recovery action (TQRact) (Kenttä; Hassmén 1998) | 1 (1 article) | 100 of articles | 100 of articles |
*Percentage of total articles (number of articles).
†Percentage of the articles that present information on validity and reliability of measuring instruments or reference
‡Philips Respironics (n = 10); Fatigue Science (n = 4); Actigraph (n = 4); Ambulatory Monitoring (n = 3); Cambridge Neurotechnology (n = 3); SenseWear (n =2); Zeo (n = 1).
§Compumedics (n = 1); Medcare Embla/Somnologica System (n = 1); Randersacker (n = 1).