Exercise can phase-shift melatonin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and body temperature (BT)
| Author, year | Finding |
| Van Reeth et al 199430 | A 3-hour sport stimulus placed around the time of the minimum core BT phase delayed both melatonin and TSH rhythms. The stimulus timing was related to magnitude of phase-shifting effects. |
| Miyazaki et al 200131 | Exercise phase-shifts the melatonin rhythm in a shortened forced sleep–wake routine different from controls. |
| Edwards et al 200232 | Exercise performed at specific times can phase-delay or phase-advance the core body temperature rhythm. |
| Baehr et al 200328 | Exercise at the beginning of habitual sleep time can phase-shift the melatonin rhythm more-so than controls (awake). |
| Buxton et al 200327 | Exercise stimuli at a specific internal time can phase-shift the melatonin rhythm. |
| Barger et al 200419 | Exercise in dim light can phase-delay dim light melatonin onset in constant routine with magnitude related to stimulus timing. |
| Okamoto et al 201333 | Habitual nightly sport can phase-delay hair cell clock gene expression. |
| Youngstedt et al 201629 | 90 mins exercise on night 2 of a 3-hour ultra short sleep–wake cycle or 90 mins of light followed by exercise 4.5 hours later can phase-delay the melatonin rhythm as much as a light stimulus alone and additively, respectively. |