Study | Type of ECPs | Subject | Study design | Physical status | Protocol of ECPs |
Hadeed et al 45 | CrossFit | Man | Case report | He reports having had five previous days of exercise but did not involve CrossFit type training. | Non-informed. |
Pearcey et al 23 | Non-informed | Man | Case report | Athlete who was acutely detrained (approximately 3 months). | 48 alternating sets (60 s duration) of push-up and pull-up variations. The subject performed the maximum number of repetitions possible of push-ups or pull-ups in each set. The total exercise duration was 48 min. The subject performed approximately 400 push-ups and approximately 200 pull-ups in 48 min. |
Wagner et al 46 | Non-informed | Woman | Case report | A healthy 21-year-old Caucasian woman was participating in an organised, extreme exercise workout session conducted at a fitness centre. | The exercise session consisting of performing a designated number of push-ups in 1 min. The protocol dictated 5 push-ups in the first minute, 10 in the second and adding 5 push-ups each minute until participants can no longer continue. She recalls completing 6 rounds of increasing repetitions in each minute, thereby performing 105 push-ups in 6 min. |
Lozowska et al 25 | CrossFit | Five of six patients were women | Case series | Three of the six patients were very physically fit before experiencing rhabdomyolysis, having participated in CrossFit for months to years. The remaining three patients were less fit and sustained rhabdomyolysis after their first encounter with CrossFit. | Non-informed. |
Aynardi and Jones47 | Non-informed | A 43-year-old African American woman | Case report | She was healthy overall and had been active in multiple gym-related exercise programme over the past 10 years. | The ECPs consisted of a standard warm-up followed by 3 sets of chin-ups that were performed until ‘failure’ lasting approximately 20 min. |
Meyer et al 24 | CrossFit | A previously healthy 31-year-old woman | Case report | She was exercising regularly four times per week, performing push-ups, running and other physical workouts. | The subject denied recent trauma or illness but reported performing a variety of high-intensity exercises such as push-ups, |
Honda et al 48 | Non-informed | A previously healthy 37-year-old man | Case report | He had exercised regularly but had never performed such intense training before. | Intense exercise training that included 100 push-ups, 100 exercises using a 20 kg dumbbell, 50 lifts using a 10 kg weight. |
Routman et al 49 | CrossFit | Two previously healthy women; 36 years (case 1) and 37 years (case 2) | Case report | Case 1. A 27-year-old healthy woman with a BMI of 22 kg/m2. She was a long-distance runner with no noteworthy medical or surgical history and was not taking any medications; Case 2. A healthy 26-year-old woman with a BMI of 34 kg/m2 | The two cases of isolated infraspinatus rhabdomyolysis following exertional overuse after a challenge known as the ‘Sissy Test’. This challenge involves up to 336 kettlebell swings and 336 squat-thrust push-ups (also known as ‘burpees’) in an allotted time frame of 30 min. Beginning with 15 kettlebell swings and 1 burpee, the workout challenge is repeated with a descending number of kettlebell swings and a corresponding ascending number of burpees. This is continuously repeated until the final set of 1 kettlebell swing and 15 burpees has been performed. |
Tibana et al 27 | Extreme conditioning competition | A 35-year-old woman without medical history of disease | Case report | She was healthy overall and had been active in ECPs over the previous 5 years and trained 4–5 times per week. | ECPs competition lasting 2 days and composed of five workouts. One workout consisted of 60 repetitions for an unaccustomed exercise (GHD). |
BMI, body mass index; ECPs, extreme conditioning programmes; GHD, glutes-hamstring developer.