Variable | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
OR (95% CI) | P values | OR (95% CI) | P values | |
Subject variables | ||||
Sex (female) | 3.01 (1.53 to 5.91) | <0.01** | 3.14 (1.39 to 7.11) | <0.01** |
Age (>mean) | 0.54 (0.27 to 1.04) | 0.07 | 0.31 (0.13 to 0.76) | 0.01* |
Height (>mean) | 0.93 (0.49 to 1.79) | 0.83 | ||
Weight (>mean) | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.83) | 0.91 | ||
BMI (>mean) | 1.68 (0.89 to 3.23) | 0.12 | 2.29 (1.02 to 5.16) | 0.05* |
Fat (>mean) | 1.21 (0.63 to 2.35) | 0.57 | ||
3000 m run (>mean) | 1.58 (0.79 to 3.18) | 0.20 | ||
High jump/run sport (no) | 0.57 (0.26 to 1.26) | 0.17 | 0.47 (0.17 to 1.29) | 0.14 |
MTSS history (yes) | 3.72 (1.63 to 8.50) | <0.01** | 5.03 (1.90 to 13.30) | <0.01** |
Insole use (yes) | 1.15 (0.48 to 2.75) | 0.76 | ||
Supportive shoes (yes) | 2.98 (1.11 to 7.98) | 0.03* | 2.65 (0.62 to 11.24) | 0.19 |
Leg variables | ||||
Hip exorotation ROM (>mean) | 2.01 (1.06 to 3.81) | 0.03* | 1.89 (0.86 to 4.14) | 0.11 |
Hip endorotation ROM (>mean) | 1.22 (0.65 to 2.29) | 0.54 | ||
Hip strength adduction (>mean) | 1.34 (0.71 to 2.52) | 0.37 | ||
Hip strength abduction (>mean) | 1.06 (0.56 to 1.99) | 0.86 | ||
Hip adduction:abduction ratio (>mean) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.28) | 0.79 | ||
Navicular drop (>mean) | 0.99 (0.65 to 1.50) | 0.95 | ||
Squat knee angle (>mean) | 1.22 (0.93 to 1.59) | 0.15 | 1.33 (0.93 to 1.91) | 0.12 |
Shin pain (yes) | 1.24 (0.66 to 2.33) | 0.51 | ||
Shin oedema (yes) | 2.08 (1.08 to 4.01) | 0.03* | 1.92 (0.87 to 4.23) | 0.11 |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01.
BMI, body mass index; GEE, general estimating equation; MTSS, medial tibial stress syndrome; ROM, range of motion.