Test ID | Helmet | Impact | Impact | Head kinematics | Chest | Upper neck | ||||||||
Translation | Rotation | Acceleration | Forces | Moment | ||||||||||
Speed | Force | Acceleration | Velocity | Displacement | Velocity | Rotation | ||||||||
(m/s) | (N) | resultant | x | z | x | z | y | y | res | Shear | Tension | Flexion | ||
(g) | (m/s) | (m/s) | (m) | (m) | (rad/s) | (°) | (g) | (N) | (N) | (Nm) | ||||
M8B | No | 5 | 4187 | 12.3 | −6.19 | 3.11 | −0.34 | 0.20 | −13.9 | −24.8 | 10.7 | −326 | 387 | 15.0 |
M8A | Yes | 5 | 4026 | 11.1 | −4.73 | 2.62 | −0.27 | 0.20 | −12.3 | −25.7 | 10.0 | −421 | 522 | 16.0 |
M8C | No | 6 | 4931 | 15.1 | −7.36 | 3.81 | −0.40 | 0.24 | −17.8 | −30.5 | 12.9 | −384 | 484 | 17.7 |
M8D | Yes | 6 | 4931 | 13.7 | −6.16 | 3.21 | −0.32 | 0.24 | −15.6 | −33.1 | 12.5 | −481 | 676 | 19.0 |
M8F | No | 7 | 5736 | 17.9 | −8.20 | 4.92 | −0.44 | 0.31 | −20.9 | −34.8 | 15.3 | −448 | 602 | 19.4 |
M8E | Yes | 7 | 5655 | 16.1 | −6.96 | 4.14 | −0.36 | 0.30 | −16.4 | −38.0 | 14.8 | −587 | 868 | 19.8 |
M8G | No | 8 | 6681 | 21.2 | −9.46 | 6.01 | −0.50 | 0.37 | −25.2 | −40.1 | 18.0 | −533 | 696 | 22.0 |
M8H | Yes | 8 | 6621 | 19.2 | −7.60 | 4.74 | −0.39 | 0.37 | −18.5 | −42.5 | 17.8 | −682 | 1094 | 22.3 |
M8K | No | 9 | 8029 | 25.7 | −10.33 | 7.60 | −0.56 | 0.47 | −29.3 | −44.5 | 21.4 | −650 | 868 | 23.8 |
M8J | Yes* | 9 | 8130 | 25.2 | −8.94 | 6.35 | −0.48 | 0.44 | −23.4 | −48.6 | 21.0 | −747 | 1195 | 26.9 |
M8L | No | 10 | 11 449 | 35.6 | −11.44 | 9.04 | −0.63 | 0.55 | −36.0 | −48.2 | 31.2 | −816 | 1322 | 34.7 |
M8M | Yes* | 10 | 11 771 | 37.2 | −10.16 | 7.29 | −0.55 | 0.50 | −29.3 | −53.7 | 32.1 | −955 | 1687 | 39.7 |
Average (helmet/unhelmeted) | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 0.82 | 1.08 | 0.98 | 1.24 | 1.40 | 1.07 | |||
SD (helmet/unhelmeted) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |||
t | 2.495 | 9.040 | 18.733 | 12.110 | 2.031 | 7.817 | −7.177 | 1.657 | −8.900 | −9.839 | −3.322 | |||
P (one tail, 0.05) | 0.027 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.049 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.079 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
ATD, anthropomorphic test device.
*Facemask removed to prevent contact with impactor ram.