Table 1

Health clearance and periodic health evaluation according to legal regulation and national guideline in Sports Medicine1

Field of sport in alphabetical orderHistoryPhysical examination12-lead ECGUrinalysisSecondary care
Ophthalmology*ENT†Neurology‡Orthopaedics§
Archery × × × × × ×
Athletics (jumping activities) × × × × ×
Athletics (running, race walk) × × × × ×
Athletics (throwing activities, heptathlon and decathlon) × × × × × ×
Autosport and motorsport × × × × × × × ×
Badminton × × × × × ×
Basketball × × × × × ×
Baranta¶ × × × × × × ×
Baseball, softball × × × × × ×
Biathlon × × × × × ×
Body building, fitness × × × × ×
Bowling × × × × ×
Boxing¶ × × × × × × ×
Climbing × × × × × × ×
Cross-country skiing × × × × × ×
Curling × × × × ×
Cycling × × × × ×
Dancing × × × × ×
Diving × × × × × × ×
Dog sports × × × × × ×
Dragon boat × × × × ×
Equestrian × × × × × ×
Fencing × × × × × ×
Field hockey × × × × × ×
Floorball × × × × × ×
Football × × × × × ×
Football tennis × × × × ×
Frisbee × × × × × ×
Handball × × × × × ×
Ice hockey × × × × × ×
Judo¶ × × × × × × ×
Karate¶ × × × × × × ×
Kayaking-canoeing × × × × ×
Kempo¶ × × × × × × ×
Kendo, iaido, jodo¶ × × × × × × ×
Kickboxing¶ × × × × × × ×
Korfball × × × × × ×
Kung fu¶ × × × × × × ×
Mixed martial arts (MMA) × × × × × × ×
Modern pentathlon × × × × × × ×
Nanbudo¶ × × × × × × ×
Orienteering × × × × ×
Pole vault × × × × ×
Powerlifting, arm wrestling × × × × × ×
Rhythmic gymnastics, gymnastics, trampoline × × × × ×
Rifle × × × × × ×
Rope skipping × × × × ×
Rowing × × × × ×
Rugby × × × × × ×
Sailing × × × × ×
(Ice) skating × × × × ×
Ski jumping, alpine skiing, bobsled, sled × × × × × ×
Snowboard × × × × × ×
Shot put × × × × × ×
Sport diving (until 40 m) × × × × × ×
Squash × × × × × ×
Sumo¶ × × × × × × ×
Surfing × × × × ×
Swimming × × × × × ×
Table tennis × × × × × ×
Taekwondo¶ × × × × × × ×
Tennis × × × × × ×
Triathlon × × × × × ×
Volleyball × × × × × ×
Water polo × × × × × × ×
Water ski, wakeboard, kite surf, surfing × × × × × ×
Weightlifting¶ × × × × × ×
Wrestling¶ × × × × × × ×

  • *Pre-exercise ophthalmologic examination required followed by biannual check-ups under the age of 16 and above the age of 35/biyearly check-ups between the ages of 16 and 35.

  • †Pre-exercise ENT examination required.

  • ‡Pre-exercise neurological examination required followed by annual check-ups under the age of 16 and above the age of 35/biyearly check-ups between the ages of 16 and 35.

  • §Pre-exercise orthopaedic (traumatology) examination required.

  • ¶Health clearance is to be carried out prior to regular periodic health evaluation. This health clearance does not approve for ‘fit to compete’ health clearance (exception: technical minimum tests of combat sports) but is to be repeated according to the same protocol. The minimal time lapse between these two tests is the so-called ‘waiting time’ that is meant to be for acquiring the technical elements of the sport (for details see table 2).

  • ENT, ear-nose-throat examination.