Mean (SD) MVC torque values recorded on entry and following 8 weeks of isokinetic exercise 2 weekly. Because the magnitudes of the torques are so different in plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, the effect size is shown in terms of SD of the differences using the SRM. The significance of the change following training was determined for each age and sex using a paired-sample t-test with a null hypothesis of no change. The final column shows the mean (SE of the mean) of the torque increment derived from the gradients of the regression lines in figure 1
| Plantarflexion | |||||
| Entry N m | 8 weeks N m | SRM | p | Gradient N m week-1 | |
| Young females | 77 (28) | 120 (34) | 1.86 | <0.001 | 5.53 (1.07) |
| Young males | 112 (37) | 139 (54) | 0.93 | 0.050 | 3.34 (2.29) |
| Middle-aged females | 71 (18) | 87 (24) | 0.61 | 0.16 | 2.16 (0.54) |
| Middle-aged males | 99 (28) | 131 (37) | 1.37 | 0.011 | 2.99 (1.53) |
| Elderly females | 55 (23) | 75 (22) | 2.27 | 0.007 | 1.71 (1.32) |
| Elderly males | 85 (22) | 117 (19) | 1.56 | 0.006 | 3.62 (0.72) |
| Dorsiflexion | |||||
| Young females | 28.9 (5.5) | 32.1 (6.8) | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.45 (0.16) |
| Young males | 49.7 (8.4) | 61.6 (14.6) | 1.64 | 0.0049 | 1.25 (0.60) |
| Middle-aged females | 33.4 (5.6) | 30.3 (6.2) | −0.70 | 0.115 | −0.63 (0.22) |
| Middle-aged males | 38.0 (13.6) | 45.6 (10.3) | 1.90 | 0.0024 | 0.93 (0.16) |
| Elderly females | 27.0 (8.7) | 32.8 (11.5) | 1.69 | 0.020 | 0.69 (0.08) |
| Elderly males | 38.5 (8.9) | 36.2 (4.8) | −0.25 | 0.53 | −0.31 (0.19) |
MVC, maximum isometric voluntary contraction.