Clinical characteristics of fasting insulin groups
| Fasting insulin (µIU/mL) | |||||
| <5 | 5–10 | 10–15 | >15 | p Value | |
| Before weighting, n (%) | 960 (35.9) | 1122 (43.1) | 321 (13.1) | 185 (7.9) | |
| Weighted, n | 8,440,837 | 10,165,230 | 3,050,480 | 1,861,755 | |
| Sex, female % | 47.6 (44.3–51.0) | 47.3 (44.2–50.4) | 42.6 (36.8–48.6) | 38.9 (31.8–46.5) | 0.138 |
| Age, year | 45.31±0.53 | 42.14±0.51 | 40.52±0.91 | 40.72±1.20 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.64±0.09 | 23.53±0.10 | 25.78±0.25 | 27.20±0.31 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 112.36±0.57 | 114.48±0.47 | 118.22±0.95 | 120.40±1.19 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 73.26±0.41 | 75.19±0.35 | 77.47±0.73 | 78.95±1.06 | <0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 92.95±0.87 | 95.85±0.69 | 101.06±1.00 | 112.79±3.42 | <0.001 |
| FI, µIU/mL | 3.60±0.04 | 7.12±0.05 | 12.14±0.09 | 25.76±1.17 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c(%, DCCT) | 5.43±0.03 | 5.47±0.02 | 5.60±0.03 | 5.75±0.09 | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.88±0.06 | 1.07±0.07 | 1.63±0.20 | 1.92±0.20 | <0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 187.79±1.15 | 193.02±1.21 | 198.93±2.49 | 200.42±3.84 | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 109.78±4.03 | 136.35±4.08 | 180.12±9.62 | 236.88±19.92 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 55.31±0.45 | 51.38±0.45 | 47.01±0.70 | 43.00±0.93 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 110.13±0.95 | 117.43±1.10 | 122.90±2.15 | 120.72±2.74 | <0.001 |
| TG/HDL ratio | 2.23±0.10 | 3.09±0.13 | 4.39±0.28 | 6.18±0.62 | <0.001 |
| AST, IU/L | 21.07±0.32 | 21.06±0.31 | 26.61±1.32 | 29.88±1.46 | <0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L | 16.96±0.39 | 20.01±0.48 | 34.01±3.06 | 43.06±3.75 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, %:never | 55.8 (51.8–59.6) | 51.0 (47.6–54.3) | 51.0 (44.5–57.4) | 53.0 (45.2–60.7) | 0.276 |
| Ex-smoker | 17.8 (15.1–20.9) | 22.4 (19.7–25.4) | 21.2 (16.2–27.1) | 17.8 (12.4–25.0) | 0.136 |
| Current | 24.3 (19.9–29.7) | 25.5 (21.3–30.7) | 25.9 (18.7–36.0) | 27.5 (19.3–40.3) | 0.862 |
| Alcohol, % <1/month | 30.2 (25.5–35.7) | 30.8 (26.2–36.1) | 29.6 (21.8–39.6) | 28.8 (18.5–43.5) | 0.958 |
| 1/month–1/week | 35.9 (31.0–41.4) | 39.7 (34.9–45.1) | 36.8 (27.7–47.9) | 40.6 (29.7–54.3) | 0.323 |
| >2/week | 25.2 (22.2–28.2) | 22.8 (18.9–27.6) | 23.8 (17.0–33.0) | 19.9 (11.7–33.1) | 0.523 |
| Exercise, % | 52.9 (49.0–56.7) | 55.4 (51.7–59.1) | 48.8 (41.7–55.9) | 45.6 (35.5–56.1) | 0.183 |
| TE, kcal | 2258±39 | 2246±43 | 2180±65 | 2370±105 | 0.477 |
| Fat, % | 19.50±0.32 | 20.64±0.29 | 20.48±0.69 | 20.55±0.83 | 0.034 |
| Carb., % | 61.43±0.50 | 60.44±0.47 | 61.20±0.91 | 60.50±1.39 | 0.578 |
Data are presented with survey means±SE for continuous variables and weighted percentages (95% CI) for categorical variables. p Values were based on the one-way analysis of variance test and χ2 test.
ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; carb., carbohydrate; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial units; FI, fasting insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TE, total energy intake; TG, triglycerides.