Ankle and knee joint angles (degrees) (mean (SD)) during the landing phase of the running cycle
| Variable | Test condition | Combined conditions | ||||||
| SI− | SI+ | VI− | VI+ | S | V | I− | I+ | |
| Ankle at 10% prior to IC †*‡*** (n=34) | −4.2 (7.7) | −0.4 (9.0) | −0.5 (8.2) | 4.3 (8.7) | 2.1 (8.5) | 1.8 (8.7) | 2.4 (7.7) | 2.1 (8.9) |
| Ankle at IC‡*§***¶ (n=33) | −2.5 (6.8) | −2.7 (6.8) | −2.9 (6.1) | 0.1 (6.5) | −2.9 (6.8) | −1.5 (6.4) | 2.8 (6.4) | 1.5 (6.7) |
| Knee at 10% prior to IC †* n=34) | 6.4 (9.3) | 6.5 (8.8) | 3.3 (5.4) | 4.3 (6.2) | 6.4 (8.9) | 3.8 (5.8) | 4.9 (7.7) | 5.3 (7.6) |
| Knee at IC ‡*§**†(n=33) | 14.1 (6.2) | 16.8 (7.1) | 14.0 (7.0) | 13.8 (6.0) | 15.5 (6.6) | 13.9 (6.3) | 14.1 (6.4) | 15.3 (6.5) |
*p<0.05.
**p<0.01.
***p<0.001.
†Footwear main effect.
‡Instruction main effect.
§Interaction effect.
¶When subjects wore Vibram FiveFingers (VFF), instruction had a greater effect on increasing plantarflexion compared with when subjects wore shoes.
††When subjects wore shoes, instruction had a greater effect on increasing knee flexion compared with when subjects wore VFF.
All knee angles are degrees of flexion. Positive ankle joint angles denote plantarflexion.
IC, initial contact.