Table 2

Change from baseline in gait variables

Variable
Change from baseline		Control group (n=22)Exercise group (n=24)Group difference
Mean (95% CI)Mean (95% CI)Mean (95% CI)p Value
Hip kinematics (stance and swing)
Max. flexion angle, degrees−0.5 (−3.4 to 2.4)−1.7 (−4.4 to 1.1)1.2 (−2.8 to 5.1)0.56
Max. extension angle, degrees−1.6 (−5.0 to 1.8)−0.6 (−3.9 to 2.6)−0.9 (−5.6 to 3.8)0.69
Max. adduction angle, degrees−0.1 (−2.1 to 1.9)0.1 (−1.7 to 2.0)−0.2 (−3.0 to 2.5)0.86
Max. abduction angle, degrees−0.2 (−1.7 to 1.3)−0.4 (−1.9 to 1.0)0.2 (−1.9 to 2.3)0.84
Max. external rotation angle, degrees−2.7 (−8.2 to 2.7)−0.1 (−5.4 to 5.1)−2.6 (−10.2 to 5.0)0.50
Max. internal rotation angle, degrees−3.1 (−9.0 to 2.8)−0.8 (−6.4 to 4.9)−2.4 (−10.5 to 5.8)0.56
Hip kinetics (stance only; net internal moments)
Peak extensor moment, Nm/kg−0.03 (−0.16 to 0.09)−0.00 (−0.12 to 0.12)−0.03 (−0.21 to 0.14)0.72
Peak flexor moment, Nm/kg−0.05 (−0.16 to 0.07)−0.04 (−0.15 to 0.06)−0.00 (−0.16 to 0.16)0.99
First peak abductor moment, Nm/kg−0.00 (−0.09 to 0.09)0.01 (−0.07 to 0.10)−0.02 (−0.14 to 0.11)0.81
Second peak adductor moment, Nm/kg−0.05 (−0.12 to 0.02)0.04 (−0.03 to 0.10)−0.09 (−0.18 to 0.01)0.07
First peak lateral rotation moment, Nm/kg−0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01)−0.01 (−0.02 to 0.01)−0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02)0.88
Second peak medial rotation moment, Nm/kg−0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01)0.02 (−0.00 to 0.04)−0.03 (−0.05 to 0.00)0.09
First peak resultant moment, Nm/kg−0.01 (−0.12 to 0.10)−0.02 (−0.13 to 0.08)0.01 (−0.14 to 0.17)0.86
Second peak resultant moment, Nm/kg0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14)0.05 (−0.07 to 0.16)−0.03 (−0.20 to 0.15)0.77
Positive work (stance), Joule−0.01 (−0.05 to 0.02)0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04)−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03)0.50
Negative work (stance), Joule−0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01)−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03)−0.03 (−0.10 to 0.05)0.45
Knee kinematics (stance and swing)
Angle at heel strike, degrees1.3 (−1.3 to 3.9)−0.2 (−2.8 to 2.3)1.5 (2.1 to 5.2)0.41
First flexion angle (early stance), degrees1.7 (−0.8 to 4.2)−1.2 (−3.6 to 1.3)2.9 (−0.7 to 6.4)0.11
Mid-stance extension angle, degrees1.1 (−1.6 to 3.7)−1.3 (−3.8 to 1.3)2.3 (−1.4 to 6.1)0.22
Swing phase flexion angle, degrees−0.6 (−3.8 to 2.7)−1.1 (−4.2 to 2.1)0.5 (−4.0 to 5.1)0.81
Knee kinetics (stance only; net internal moments)
First peak extensor moment (early stance), Nm/kg0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18)−0.01 (−0.15 to 0.12)0.05 (−0.14 to 0.25)0.59
Second peak flexor moment (late stance), Nm/kg0.05 (−0.02 to 0.11)−0.5 (−0.11 to 0.01)0.10 (0.01 to 0.19)0.04
First peak abductor moment, Nm/kg0.05 (−0.03 to 0.12)0.06 (−0.01 to 0.13)−0.01 (−0.11 to 0.09)0.84
Second peak abductor moment, Nm/kg0.07 (0.01 to 0.014)0.09 (0.02 to 0.16)−0.02 (−0.12 to 0.08)0.72
Abductor angular impulse, Nm×s/kg2.91 (−0.60 to 6.41)3.09 (−0.27 to 6.45)−0.18 (−5.04 to 4.58)0.94
First peak medial rotation moment, Nm/kg0.004 (−0.02 to 0.03)0.025 (0.004 to 0.05)−0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01)0.17
Second peak lateral rotation moment, Nm/kg−0.02 (−0.04; −0.00)−0.013 (−0.03 to 0.01)−0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02)0.48
First peak resultant moment, Nm/kg0.05 (−0.05 to 0.15)0.04 (-0.06 to 0.14)0.01 (−0.14 to 0.15)0.91
Second peak resultant moment, Nm/kg0.04 (−0.02 to 0.10)0.06 (0.01 to 0.11)−0.02 (−0.10 to 0.06)0.59
Positive work (stance), Joule0.01 (−0.05 to 0.07)0.02 (-0.04 to 0.08)−0.01 (−0.09 to 0.08)0.84
Negative work (stance), Joule0.003 (−0.04 to 0.05)−0.01 (-0.05 to 0.03)0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08)0.69
Ankle kinematics (stance and swing)
Max. plantarflexion (early stance), degrees−0.5 (−2.3 to 1.3)−1.6 (−3.3 to 0.2)1.1 (−1.4 to 3.6)0.38
Max. dorsiflexion (late stance), degrees−0.1 (−1.9 to 1.7)−1.3 (−3.0 to 0.5)1.1 (−1.5 to 3.7)0.38
Swing phase dorsiflexion angle, degrees2.3 (−0.5 to 5.0)−0.4 (−3.0 to 2.2)2.7 (−1.2 to 6.5)0.17
Ankle kinetics (stance only; net internal moments)
Peak dorsiflexor moment (early stance), Nm/kg0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07)−0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05)0.02 (−0.05 to 0.10)0.48
Peak plantarflexor moment (late stance), Nm/kg−0.07 (−0.18 to 0.04)−0.00 (−0.11 to 0.10)−0.07 (−0.22 to 0.08)0.37
Peak resultant moment (late stance), Nm/kg−0.07 (−0.19 to 0.04)−0.00 (-0.11 to 0.10)−0.07 (−0.23 to 0.083)0.36
Positive work (stance), Joule−0.01 (−0.04 to 0.03)0.00 (-0.03 to 0.04)−0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04)0.67
Negative work (stance), Joule0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04)−0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02)0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06)0.46
Spatiotemporal variables
Walking speed, m/s−0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04)−0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06)−0.02 (−0.15 to 0.11)0.79
Step length, m−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.02)−0.01 (−0.06 to 0.03)−0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05)0.74
Cadence, steps/min−2.9 (−7.1 to 1.4)−1.8 (−5.8 to 2.3)−1.1 (−6.9 to 4.8)0.71
Double support, %0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05)−0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03)0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06)0.45
Single support, %0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)0.01 (−0.00 to 0.03)−0.00 (−0.03 to 0.02)0.74
Foot progression angle, degrees1.0 (−1.4 to 3.4)−1.4 (−3.7 to 0.9)2.4 (−0.9 to 5.7)0.15
Ground reaction forces and support moment (stance only)
First peak vertical ground reaction force, N−1.5 (−6.6 to 3.7)1.0 (−4.0 to 5.9)−2.4 (−9.7 to 4.7)0.50
Second peak vertical ground reaction force, N−2.7 (−5.9 to 0.6)2.3 (−0.9 to 5.4)−4.9 (−9.5:−0.4)0.03
First peak a-p ground reaction force, N−0.9 (−3.4 to 1.5)−0.0 (−2.4 to 2.3)−0.9 (−4.3 to 2.4)0.59
Second peak a-p ground reaction force, N1.2 (−1.0 to 3.5)0.8 (−1.4 to 2.9)0.4 (−2.6 to 3.5)0.77
First peak support moment, Nm/kg−0.03 (−0.25 to 0.20)0.04 (−0.18 to 0.25)−0.06 (−0.4 to 0.2)0.68
Second peak support moment, Nm/kg0.02 (−0.13 to 0.17)0.09 (−0.05 to 0.23)−0.07 (−0.28 to 0.13)0.49