Characteristics and risk of bias of included quantitative studies with ‘undefined wheelchair use’
| Article # | Author (Year) | Intervention type (exercise mode) | Setting; nationality | Participants: cause of impairment; intervention and control n, % male; age; GMFCS (when available) | Duration; follow-up | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCT with population with undefined wheelchair use | ||||||
| 11 | Choi et al. (2016) | Spirometer exercise with versus without additional therapy | Mixture of individual and supervised in clinic; Korea | Cerebral palsy; I: 25 C: 23; 52%; range: 8–15 years; GMFCS 1–5 | 4 weeks; – | Unclear |
| 12 | De Groot et al (2011) | Walking | Home, supervised; the Netherlands | Spina Bifida; I: 18 C: 14, 56%; mean ∼10.7 SD ∼2.8 years; ‘community ambulatory’ | 12 weeks; – | Unclear |
| 13 | Demuth et al (2012) (part of same study as #15) | Cycling: using a complex structure of strengthening and cardiorespiratory phases in each session | Clinic; USA | Cerebral palsy (spastic diplegic); I: 28 C: 29, 48%; range 7–18 years; GMFCS 1–3 | 12 weeks; – | Low |
| 14 | Dodd, 2003 | PRT with functional exercises | Home; Australia | Cerebral palsy (spastic diplegic); I: 11 C: 10; 48%; range 8–18 years; GMFCS 1–3 | 6 weeks; 12 weeks | Unclear |
| 15 | Fowler et al (2010) (part of same study as #13) | Cycling: using a complex structure of strengthening and cardiorespiratory phases in each session | Clinic; USA | Cerebral palsy (spastic diplegic); I: 26 C: 26, 48%; range 7–18 years; GMFCS 1–3 | 12 weeks; – | Low |
| 16a | Gates et al (2012) | Walking | Home; USA | Cerebral palsy (spastic bilateral); I: 14 C: –; 54%; range 6–13 years; GMFCS 2–4 | 12 weeks; 4 weeks | High |
| 16b | Gates et al (2012) | PRT (including some functional exercises) | Home; USA | Cerebral palsy (spastic bilateral); I: 12 C: –; 54%; range 7–13 years; GMFCS 2–4 | 12 weeks; 4 weeks | High |
| 17 | Katz-Leurer et al (2009) | Functional exercises | Home with weekly phone support; Israel | Traumatic brain injury or cerebral palsy; I: 8, C: 10; 70%; range 7–13 years; GMFCS 1–2 | 6 weeks; 6 weeks for intervention group only | Unclear |
| 18 | Maher et al (2010) | Education (internet-based) | Home; Australia | Cerebral palsy; I: 20 C: 21; 63%; range 11–17 years; GMFCS 1–3 | 10 weeks; 10 weeks | High |
| 19 | Scholtes et al (2010) (part of same study as #20) | PRT with functional exercises | Community, small groups; the Netherlands | Cerebral palsy (spastic); I: 24 C: 25; 59%; 6–13 years; GMFCS 1-3 | 12 weeks; 6 weeks | Low |
| 20 | Scholtes et al (2012) (part of same study as #19) | PRT with functional exercises | Community, small groups; the Netherlands | Cerebral palsy (spastic); I: 24 C: 25; 59%; 6–13 years; GMFCS 1–3 | 12 weeks; 6 weeks | Low |
| 21 | Slaman et al (2014) | Complex: Lifestyle; counselling and cardiopulmonary fitness. | Combined supervised in centre and home; the Netherlands | Cerebral palsy; I: 17 C: 19; 90%; range 16–25 years; GMFCS 1–5 | 6 months; 6 months | Unclear |
| 22 | Verschuren et al (2007) | Functional exercises | Community, group; the Netherlands | Cerebral palsy (spastic); I: 32 C: 33; 65%; range 7–18 years; GMFCS 1–2 | 8 months; – | Unclear |
| 23 | Wang et al (2013) | Motivation: music during PRT | Home; Taiwan | Cerebral palsy; I: 18 C: 18; 75%; 5–13 years; GMFCS 1–3 | 6 weeks; 12 weeks | Low |
| Non-RCT with population with undefined wheelchair use | ||||||
| 24 | Blundell et al (2003) | Functional exercises | Group; Australia | Cerebral palsy; I: 7 C: –; 88% range 4–8 years; Motor-Assessment Scale, sit-to-stand item 1.5 | 4 weeks; 8 weeks | High |
| 25 | Damiano et al (1995) | PRT | Setting unclear; the USA | Cerebral palsy (spastic diplegia); I: 14 C: –; 71%; range 6–14 years; 11 independent ambulators, 3 required hand-held assistive devices | 6 weeks; – | High |
| 26 | Chen et al (2012) | Cycling (in virtual reality) | Home; Taiwan | Cerebral palsy; I: 13 C: 14; 68%; range 6–12 years; GMFCS 1–2 | 12 weeks | High |
| 27 | Crompton et al (2007) | PRT with functional exercises | Clinic, group; Australia | Cerebral palsy; I: 7 C: 6; 40%; range 6–14 years; GMFCS 1–3 | 6 weeks; 6 weeks | High |
| 28 | Kelly and Legg (2009) | Complex programme: PRT, aerobic exercise and sports | Community, group; Canada | Cerebral palsy; I: 5 C: –; unknown %; range 8–12 years; GMFCS 1–2 | 10 weeks | High |
| 29 | Lancioni et al (2004) | Motivation: feedback | Home centre; Europe | Profound disability range; 2 boys, 15.6 and 22.1 years; not reported | ∼7 months | High |
| 30a | Shinohara, 2002 | Cycling: peddle | Unclear; Japan | Cerebral palsy; I: 6, C: –; range 13–15 years; not reported, but could peddle a bike. | 16.7±4.7 weeks; – | High |
| 30b | Shinohara, 2002 | Cycling: arm | Unclear; Japan | Cerebral palsy; I: 5, C: –; unknown%; range 11–16 years; not reported, but could not peddle a bike. | 12.7±6.3 weeks; – | High |
Organised by the study design.