Studies on depression of active athletes
| Author, year, country | Number and characteristics of athletes (M=male; F=female) | Response rate | Assessment method | Results mean (SD); % (M=male; F=female) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gulliver 2014,19 Australian | 224 elite athletes from various sport M: 106; F: 118 | 25.1% | CES-D cut-off 16 | M: 10.33 F: 16.67 M: 23.6%; F: 30.5% |
| Yang et al 2014,14 USA | 330 NCAA division I American Football players; M: 256; F: 131 | 88.9%/84.3% | CES-D cut-off 16 | 20.0% |
| Proctor and Boan-Lenzo 2010,15 USA | 66 male division I baseball players | Not reported | CES-D cut-off 16 | M: 8.76 (SD=0.82) M: 15.6% |
| Armstrong and Oomen-Early 2009,12 USA | 104 NCAA division I athletes from various sport; M: 47; F: 57 | Not reported | CES-D cut-off 16 | M: 11.70 (SD=6.86) F: 15.49 (SD=10.34) 33.5% |
| Yang et al 2007,13 USA | 257 NCAA division I athletes from various sport; M: 167; F: 90 | 77.3% | CES-D cut-off 16 | M: 19.2% F: 25.6% |
| Brewer and Petrie 1995,16 USA (zit from11) | 916 NCAA division I American Football players | CES-D cut-off 16 | 27% | |
| Nixdorf et al 2013,20 Germany | 162 athletes from various type and level of sport; M: 104; F: 58 | Not reported | CES-D cut-off 23 | M: 12.6 (SD missing) F: 13.4 (SD missing) 19% |
| Weigand et al 2013,17 USA | 163 NCAA athletes from various sport; gender: not reported | 49.4% | Wakefield Depression Scale >14 | 8.67 (SD=5.75) 16.8% |
| Storch et al 2005,18 USA | 105 division I athletes from various sport; M: 54; F: 51 | Not reported | Depression subscale of PAI | M: 3.7% F: 9.8% |
| Spengler et al 2013,22 Germany | 150 elite and recreational athletes; Gender: not reported | 57.7% | WHO-5 | 15% recommended for further evaluation for depression |
| Gouttebarge et al 2015,23 6 countries | 149 male professional football player | 29% | GHQ-12 | 26% symptoms of anxiety and depression |
| Hammond et al 2013,24 Canada | 50 swimmers competing at national level; M: 28; F: 22 | Not reported | Semistructured interview for DSM-IV, BDI-2 | 34% based on DSM-IV interview 37% mild or moderate symptoms based on BDI-2 |
| Schaal et al 2011,21 France | 2067 (17%) athletes’ evaluations, representative for age and gender | Does not apply | Medical reports | 3.6% recent or ongoing depression |
BDI-2, Beck Depression Inventory-2; CES-D, Centre of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire 12; NCAA, National Collegiate Athletic Association; PAI, Personality Assessment Inventory; WHO-5, WHO-Five Well-being Index.