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Consensus statement
Global Alliance for the Promotion of Physical Activity: the Hamburg Declaration

Authors

  • Jürgen M Steinacker Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, GermanyEuropean Initiative for Exercise in Medicine (EIEIM), Ulm, GermanyInternational Federation of Sports Medicine, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS), Lausanne, SwitzerlandInstitute for Rehabilitation Medicine Research at Ulm University, Institut für rehabilitationsmedizinische Forschung an der Universität Ulm, Bad Buchau, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Willem van Mechelen European Initiative for Exercise in Medicine (EIEIM), Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Public and Occupational Health, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, NetherlandsSchool of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaDivision of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaUCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Wilhelm Bloch Institute for Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, GermanyExercise is Medicine Germany, Frankfurt, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Mats Börjesson European Initiative for Exercise in Medicine (EIEIM), Ulm, GermanyDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, SwedenInstitute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Maurizio Casasco Italian Federation of Sports Medicine (FMSI), Rome, Italy PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Bernd Wolfarth International Federation of Sports Medicine, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS), Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of Sport Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Deutschland, GermanyGerman Society for Sports Medicine and Prevention, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin und Prävention (DGSP), Frankfurt, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Carolin Knoke Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, GermanyEuropean Initiative for Exercise in Medicine (EIEIM), Ulm, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Theodora Papadopoulou Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UKBritish Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, South Yorkshire, UK PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Janine Wendt Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Hashel Al Tunaiji Sports Medicine, United Arab Emirates National Olympic Committee, Dubai, UAESports Medicine & Sciences Unit, Zayed Military University, Abu Dhabi, UAE PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Dietrich Andresen German Heart Foundation, Die Deutsche Herzstiftung, Berlin, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Olena Andrieieva Department of Health, Fitness and Recreation, National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine, Kiew, Ukraine PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Norbert Bachl Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, AustriaInternational Federation of Sports Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Victoriya Badtieva Sport Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, RussiaSport Medicine, Moscow Scientific and Practical Center of Medical Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Moscow, Russian PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Friedhelm J Beucher National Paralympic Committee Germany (Deutscher Behindertensportverband (DBS), Bonn, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Cheri A Blauwet Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Jose-Antonio Casajus Mallen University of Zaragoza, GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Zaragoza, SpainDepartment of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, SpainExercise is Medicine Spain, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Ju-Ho Chang The Association for International Sport for All (TAFISA), Frankfurt, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • German Clénin Sportsmedical Centre Bern-Ittigen, Ittigen, SwitzerlandSport and Exercise Medicine Switzerland (SEMS), Bern, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Naama Constantini Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, IsraelExercise is Medicine Israel, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Demitri Constantinou Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaSouth African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), Pretoria, South Africa PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Luigi Di Luigi Unit of Endocrinology - Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Lukas Declercq House of Sport, Europe Active, Brussels, Belgium PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Stephane Doutreleau Department of Sports Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceFrench Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine, Société Française de Médecine de l'Exercice et du Sport, Paris, France PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Svitlana Drozdovska National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Martine Duclos French Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine, Société Française de Médecine de l'Exercice et du Sport, Paris, FranceDepartment of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University-Hospital (CHU), G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, FranceUMR 1019, INRAE, French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Clermont-Ferrand, France PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Andrea Ermolao Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, ItalyExercise is Medicine Italy, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Thomas Fischbach German Association of Paediatric and Adolescent Care Specialists, BVKJ - Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte, Cologne, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Anastasia N Fischer Sports Medicine and Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USAAmerican College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Chiara Fossati Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Roma, Lazio, Italy PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Jeorge Franchella Hospital de Clínicas José San Martin, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Mark Fulcher Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaAUT Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Jan C Galle German Society of Nephrology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nephrologie (DGfN)), Berlin, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Christian Gerloff German Society for Neurology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN)), Berlin, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Evelina Georgiades Cyprus Olympic Commitee, Nicosia, Cyprus PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Boris Gojanovic Sports Medicine, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Hopital de la Tour, Meyrin, Geneva, SwitzerlandSportAdo Consultation - Multidisciplinary Unit of Adolescent Health, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Marcela González Gross Exercise is Medicine Spain, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, SpainDepartment of Health and Human Performance - Facultad de CC de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, INEF Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Andy Grote Senat, Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Martin Halle European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC), European Society of Cardiology (ECS), Biot, FranceDepartment of Prevention and Sports Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Hans Hauner German Diabetes Foundation, Deutsche Diabetes Stiftung, Düsseldorf, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Matthew Payton Herring Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Mikio Hiura Center for Brain and Health Sciences, Aomori University, Aomori, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Kerstin Holze German Olympic Sports Confederation, Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Gerhard Huber Institute of Sports and Sport Science, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GermanyDeutscher Verband für Gesundheitssport und Sporttherapie e.V. (DVGS), Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • David Hughes Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Canberra, AustraliaAustralian Institute of Sport, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra, Canberra, Australia PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Mark R. Hutchinson American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USADepartment of Orthopaedics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USAAmerican College of Sports Medicine Foundation, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Anca Ionescu European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, SwitzerlandCarol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Dina Christina Janse van Rensburg South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA), Pretoria, South AfricaSection Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Anna Jegier European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Natasha Jones Moving Medicine, Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine UK, Edinburgh, UK PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Kirsten Kappert-Gonther Bundesvereinigung Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung e.V. (BVBG), Bonn, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Monika Kellerer German Diabetes Foundation, Deutsche Diabetes Stiftung, Düsseldorf, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Yutaka Kimura Health Science Center, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, JapanExercise is Medicine Japan, Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, Osaka, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Agrita Kiopa Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Bernd Kladny German Society of Orthopaedics and Trauma (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (DGOU)) with the German Society for Trauma Surgery (DGU) and German Society of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Surgery (DGOOC), Berlin, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Gerhard Koch Platform on Nutrition and Physical Activity, Plattform Ernährung und Bewegung e.V. (peb), Berlin, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Elin Kolle Exercise is Medicine Norway, Oslo, Norway PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Greg Kolt School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Yiannis Koutedakis Exercise is Medicine Greece, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GreeceSchool of Exercise Science and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Stephan Kress German Diabetes Association (Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft (DDG)), Berlin, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Susi Kriemler Sport and Exercise Medicine Switzerland (SEMS), Bern, SwitzerlandInstitute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Zuerich University, Zuerich, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Jens Kröger German Diabetes Support (diabetesDE - Deutsche Diabetes-Hilfe), Charlottenburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Christian Kuhn German Alliance for Baths, Bäderallianz Deutschland, Köln, GermanyInternational Assocation for Sport and Leisure Facilities, Köln, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Roman Laszlo German Cardiac Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie – Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DGK)), Düsseldorf, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Ralph Lehnert Hamburg Sport Association (Hamburger Sportbund e.V.), Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • François J Lhuissier French Society of Exercise and Sports Medicine, Société Française de Médecine de l'Exercice et du Sport, Paris, FranceUMR INSERM 1272 Hypoxie et poumon, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord - Campus de Bobigny, Bobigny, FranceHôpital Jean-Verdier, Médecine de l’exercice et du sport, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Bondy, France PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Kerstin Lüdtke German Society for Physiotherapy Science (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Physiotherapiewissenschaft (DGPTW)), Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Shigeru Makita Exercise is Medicine Japan, Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, Osaka, JapanDept. of Rehabilitation, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Pedro Manonelles Marqueta International Federation of Sports Medicine, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDept. of Rehabilitation, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Winfried März D.A.CH Society Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, D.A.CH-Gesellschaft Prävention von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Kirill Micallef-Stafrace European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, SwitzerlandUniversity Sports Complex, Institute for Physical Education and Sport, Msida, Malta PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Mike Miller World Olympians Association (WOA), Lausanne, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Melita Moore Global Esports Federation (GEF), Singapore PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Erich Müller European College of Sport Science, Köln, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Daniel Neunhäuserer Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, ItalyExercise is Medicine Italy, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • I. Renay Onur Istanbul Spor Etkinlikleri ve Isletmeciligi A S, City of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Vahur Ööpik Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Malgorzata Perl Exercise is Medicine Poland, Legionowo, Poland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Anastassios Philippou Exercise is Medicine Greece, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Hans-Georg Predel German Hypertension League (Deutsche Hochdruckliga e.V. (DHL)), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, GermanyGerman Society for Hypertension and Prevention (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hypertonie und Prävention), Heidelberg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Sebastien Racinais Research Education Centre, ASPETAR - Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Algirdas Raslanas Department of Educational Assistance, Physical and Health Education, Vytautas Magnus University, Vilnius, Lithuania PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Ruediger Reer European Initiative for Exercise in Medicine (EIEIM), Ulm, GermanyEuropean Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Klaus Reinhardt German Medical Association (Bundesaerztekammer), Berlin, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Claus Reinsberger German Society for Sports Medicine and Prevention, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin und Prävention (DGSP), Frankfurt, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Sandra Rozenstoka International Federation of Sports Medicine, Lausanne, SwitzerlandRīga Stradiņš University, Riga, LatviaSports Laboratory, Sports Medicine and Physical Health Centre, Riga, Latvia, Riga, LatviaLatvian Sports Medicine Association, Riga, Latvia PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Robert Sallis Family Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Luis B Sardinha Exercise is Medicine Portugal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalExercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Martin Scherer German Society of General Practice and Family Medicine (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM)), Berlin, GermanyDepartment of General Practice and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Jasper Schipperijn International Society for Physical Activity and Health (ISPAH), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Romain Seil Society for Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Sports Medicine (GOTS), Jena, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Benedict Tan Exercise is Medicine Singapore, SingaporeDepartment of Sport & Exercise Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Nils Schumacher Department of Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Bernhard Schwaab German Society for the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Cardiovascular Diseases (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Prävention und Rehabilitation von Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DGPR)), Koblenz, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Ansgar Schwirtz German Society of Sports Science, Deutsche Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft (DVS), Frankfurt, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Masato Suzuki Exercise is Medicine Japan, Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, Osaka, Japan PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Jeroen Swart International Federation of Sports Medicine, Lausanne, SwitzerlandHealth through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport (HPALS) Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Ralph Tiesler Federal Institute for Sports Science (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft (BISp)), Bonn, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Ulf Tippelt Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Eleanor Tillet British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, South Yorkshire, UKDivision of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Jane Thornton Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Bulent Ulkar International Federation of Sports Medicine, Lausanne, SwitzerlandSports Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Eve Unt Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Evert Verhagen Department of Public and Occupational Health, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Thomas Weikert German Olympic Sports Confederation, Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund, Frankfurt am Main, Germany PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Roberto Vettor Exercise is Medicine Italy, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Sheng Zeng International Federation of Sports Medicine, Lausanne, SwitzerlandLaboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Haikou, Hainan, China PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Richard Budgett International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Lars Engebretsen International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Ugur Erdener International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Fabio Pigozzi International Federation of Sports Medicine, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS), Lausanne, SwitzerlandDepartment of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  • Yannis P Pitsiladis International Federation of Sports Medicine, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS), Lausanne, SwitzerlandSchool of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK PubMed articlesGoogle scholar articles
  1. Correspondence to Dr Jürgen M Steinacker; juergen.steinacker{at}uni-ulm.de
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Citation

Steinacker JM, Mechelen WV, Bloch W, et al
Global Alliance for the Promotion of Physical Activity: the Hamburg Declaration
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2023;9:e001626. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001626

Publication history

  • Accepted June 29, 2023
  • First published July 27, 2023.
Online issue publication 
February 08, 2024

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.