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Abstract
Objectives Active rehabilitation involving subsymptom threshold exercise and education/support promotes recovery among adolescents with concussion, but is typically delivered in-person, which limits accessibility. This study explored the feasibility of a remotely delivered Tele-Active Rehabilitation (Tele-AR) intervention for adolescents with concussion.
Methods A precase–postcase series design was used. Three adolescents (ages 14–17 years) experiencing postconcussion symptoms ≥2 weeks postinjury participated with a parent. The Tele-AR intervention was a 6-week programme supervised by a rehabilitation clinician through weekly videoconferencing appointments and included (1) aerobic exercise, (2) coordination drills and (3) comprehensive education and support. Feasibility indicators included rates of recruitment, retention, adherence, as well as adolescent and parent ratings of technology usability using an adapted Telehealth Usability Questionnaire and satisfaction using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8. Prechanges to postchanges in postconcussion symptoms, illness perceptions, and occupational performance and satisfaction were also assessed.
Results Rates of recruitment (n=3/4) and retention (n=3/3) achieved success criteria. Adherence was high among all participants (77%–100%), and there were no adverse events. Participant ratings of technology usability and satisfaction approached 90%. All participants reported improvements in postconcussion symptoms and illness perception. Clinically significant positive changes were also observed in occupational performance and satisfaction.
Conclusions The Tele-AR intervention appears feasible in a small group of adolescents with concussion, and positive changes were observed in postconcussion symptoms, illness perception and occupational performance. Further study is warranted to evaluate the efficacy of this approach, which may enable access to care that supports recovery in adolescents with concussion.
- concussion
- exercise
- exercise rehabilitation
- sports rehabilitation programs
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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Key messages
What is already known on this topic
Active rehabilitation involving supervised subsymptom threshold exercise combined with education and support improves recovery among adolescents with concussion.
Many families face challenges accessing in-person active rehabilitation services due to geographical, logistical and financial barriers.
What this study adds
A remotely delivered Tele-Active Rehabilitation (Tele-AR) intervention appears to be a safe and feasible approach for adolescents with concussion.
Positive changes were observed in postconcussion symptoms, illness perception and occupational performance following the intervention.
How this study might affect research, practice or policy
Further study is warranted to evaluate the efficacy of the Tele-AR approach, which may help improve access to care that supports recovery in adolescents with concussion.
Introduction
Concussion is a significant public health concern among youth. Compared with children and adults, adolescents (ages 13–18 years) experience prolonged symptom duration following concussion.1 Most adolescents are expected to achieve symptom resolution within 4 weeks postinjury.1 2 However, a large subset (approximately 30%) continue to experience persistent physical, cognitive, emotional or sleep-related symptoms beyond 1-month following concussion2 and may report disturbances in mood,3 activity resumption4 and quality of life.5
Current guidelines recommend an active approach to concussion management involving gradual activity resumption after an initial 24–48 hours of rest postinjury.6 After initial rest, active rehabilitation involving subsymptom threshold exercise promotes recovery.7 Active rehabilitation programmes for adolescents involve aerobic exercise,8–16 sport coordination drills,9–15 balance exercises,11 relaxation training9–15 and/or concussion education and support.9–15 Studies show that active rehabilitation improves symptoms,8–16 mood,10 occupational performance4 and quality of life14 among adolescents with concussion. Exercises are prescribed by a healthcare provider and performed by adolescents at home multiple (three to seven) times per week. Frequent contact with the clinician ensures that exercises are tailored to adolescents’ unique needs, interests and recovery trajectories. This typically involves in-person sessions during which the clinician evaluates progress to guide programme modification.9–15
Several barriers limit adolescent engagement in active rehabilitation. Although concussion is more common in rural communities,17 active rehabilitation services are often location in urban areas. Families in rural communities face higher healthcare costs for paediatric concussion,18 including indirect costs related to transportation and lost productivity.19 Adolescents living close to care may also have difficulty attending in-person sessions due to financial or logistical challenges preventing parental accompaniment. Telehealth delivery of a multimodal active rehabilitation programme may help address these barriers and improve access to care but has not been explored among adolescents with concussion.
Our research team developed the Tele-Active Rehabilitation (Tele-AR) intervention, a comprehensive active rehabilitation programme for adolescents with concussion designed to promote return to activity in a remote service delivery format. Feasibility studies are essential in rehabilitation research because interventions are inherently complex due to multiple interacting components, complex target behaviours and the degree of intervention tailoring.20 21 The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of the Tele-AR intervention for adolescents with concussion. Feasibility was evaluated based on
Process: rates of recruitment, retention and adherence.
Resource: adolescent and parent ratings of technology usability.
Science: adverse events, adolescent and parent satisfaction, and preliminary effects on postconcussion symptoms, illness perception and perceived occupational performance
Methods
Design
This study was part of a larger mixed-methods project evaluating the feasibility of the Tele-AR intervention. A precase–postcase series design was used.
Participants
Adolescents were eligible if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) ages 13–18 years; (2) concussion diagnosis by physician or nurse practitioner; (3) ≥2 weeks postinjury; (4) experiencing ≥2 symptoms from the Postconcussion Symptom Inventory;22 (5) ability to read and speak English; (6) demonstrated capacity to consent to the study; (7) access to device and internet capable of videoconferencing; (8) visual analogue rating of current overall symptom burden of ≤7/10, where 10=feeling very unwell; (9) parent/guardian confirmed ability to walk independently; and (10) parent-reported access to a safe space for exercise. Exclusion criteria included parent-reported presence of comorbidities that could prevent safe participation (ie, cardiac condition, severe mental health diagnoses or other neurological disorder) or inability to follow directions during screening. A parent/guardian was asked to enrol and complete study measures as they observe and/or support their child’s participation.
Recruitment
Participants were recruited via word of mouth and information flyers advertised through community organisations, community practitioners, family health teams and social media. Families who expressed interest were contacted by telephone to determine eligibility.
Intervention
The Tele-AR intervention is based on the active rehabilitation protocol described by Gagnon et al.9 It is a 6-week programme consisting of (1) progressive subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise, (2) sport coordination drills and (3) comprehensive education and support. The Tele-AR protocol was adapted for remote delivery such that the participants were trained by the clinician to exercise independently, rather than under direct supervision by the clinician as in the original protocol.9
The intervention was facilitated through seven videoconferencing appointments with a registered kinesiologist. The first appointment (week 0) involved informed consent procedures, reviewing history and completing assessments (described further). The second appointment consisted of an interactive education session and collaborative coconstruction of the home programme based on assessment results and participant interests. During the next 6 weeks (weeks 1–6), the participants were asked to perform the home programme 3 days/week (18 sessions total) and to meet with the kinesiologist once a week. Weekly appointments (approximately 30 min) consisted of continued education and support and review of the home programme, including modification as appropriate. Appointments were conducted using Zoom videoconferencing software.
Aerobic exercise consisted of subsymptom threshold activity (walking, jogging or cycling) using an exercise machine, indoor track or outdoor space. Participants began with 10 min at level 4/10 on the Pictorial Children’s Effort Rating Table (PCERT).23 If tolerated, aerobic exercise was progressed during weekly appointments following a standardised protocol (see online supplemental material), to a maximum of 30 min at PCERT level 6. Coordination drills, prescribed for 10 min, included balance, coordination, sport-specific skills or general health exercises that were meaningful based on participant interests and assessments. For example, hockey players may be given stickhandling drills first performed stationary and progressed to include dynamic movement. Participants were instructed to terminate exercise if symptoms worsened and to rest until symptoms returned to pre-exercise level; time to symptom exacerbation then became the new target duration. Education was based on the evidence-supported Concussion & You self-management programme, which covers topics including energy management, nutrition/hydration, sleep hygiene and return to activity.24
Supplemental material
Data collection
We selected feasibility indicators of process, resource and science.21 25 Specific criteria for defining feasibility were identified a priori for a subset of the feasibility indicators (table 1).
A priori feasibility criteria overview
Process
Recruitment
Recruitment was defined as the proportion of participants who enrolled in the study relative to the number of individuals invited to participate after screening. A minimum 10% response rate has been deemed the minimum feasible response rate for an RCT.26
Retention
Retention was defined as the proportion of enrolled participants who complete the entire study. A 90% retention target was chosen based on the retention rate in a previous active rehabilitation study facilitated through telephone calls to minimise in-person visits.16
Adherence
Adherence was defined as attendance at appointments and participation in the home programme, which was measured using activity logs that participants were asked to complete daily through REDCap.27 Imhoff et al reported 85% adherence among adolescents prescribed three active rehabilitation sessions per week11; therefore, we targeted 85% home programme completion (15/18 prescribed sessions).
Resource
Technology usability
Adolescent and parent ratings of technology usability were evaluated through postintervention questionnaires (see online supplemental material). Nine questions were chosen from the Telehealth Usability Questionnaire (TUQ)28 to assess usability, interaction quality and usefulness. The TUQ has strong content validity and good-to-excellent internal consistency.28 Three additional questions were included to assess reliability. As per the TUQ, participants rated their agreement with each question from 1 (complete disagreement) to 7 (complete agreement). Total score was determined as the mean score of all items. An 85% usability rating was chosen to indicate feasibility.
Science
Participant characteristics
Demographic information and relevant medical history were collected during week 0 to characterise the sample and inform intervention tailoring.
Preliminary clinical effects
Preliminary effects of the Tele-AR intervention were evaluated through changes in postconcussion symptoms, illness perception and perceived occupational performance. Although concussion recovery is often measured through changes in self-reported symptoms, complete functional recovery per international consensus also encompasses return to regular activities.6 Psychological factors such as illness perception predict recovery29 and may be influenced by access to care.
Postconcussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI)
The 22-item PCSI (adolescent version) measures the presence and severity of concussion symptoms on a scale of 0–6.22 The PCSI has strong internal consistency (α=0.72–0.93), moderate to strong test–retest reliability (intraclass coeffecients, ICCs=0.62–0.84) and good convergent validity (r=0.8). Higher scores on the PCSI indicate greater symptom severity.
Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ)
The BIPQ evaluates cognitive and emotional conceptualisation of illness based on eight factors: consequences, timeline, personal control, treatment control, identity, concern, understanding and emotional response.30 Items are rated on a 10-point Likert scale from 0 (absence of perception) to 10 (full agreement with perception). A higher overall score indicates more negative perceptions. The BIPQ has strong psychometric properties and has been administered to patients as young as 8 years old with a variety of conditions.30 We adapted the BIPQ for concussion by replacing the word ‘illness’ with ‘concussion’.
Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM)
The COPM is a client-centred measure to evaluate self-perceived occupational performance and satisfaction.31 Through a semistructured interview, participants identify their top 5 areas of occupational concern and rate their performance and satisfaction for each issue from 1 to 10. Ratings are repeated over time to measure change. The COPM has good reliability, validity and responsiveness in rehabilitation settings among adults and youth.31 Previously, the COPM detected positive changes in occupational performance among youth participating in active rehabilitation following concussion.5
Satisfaction
The 8-Item Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) was used to assess adolescent and parent/guardian satisfaction with the intervention. The CSQ-8 is a valid and reliable measure to assess parent and child satisfaction with healthcare services.32 A 90% satisfaction rating was chosen to indicate feasibility based on the 91% parent-reported satisfaction with active rehabilitation reported by Gauvin-Lepage et al.10 Ten additional purpose-designed questions elicited specific feedback regarding intervention components.
Adverse events
The following adverse events were chosen to evaluate intervention safety:
Exercise-induced symptom exacerbation that persisted beyond 24 hours.15
Termination of participant’s exercise programme due to repeated symptom exacerbation in three consecutive exercise sessions.13
Serious injury resulting from the programme.
Participants were instructed to contact the research team if adverse events occurred. The occurrence of adverse events was also explored during weekly appointments, and participants were prompted to self-report any additional adverse effects.
Procedure
After obtaining informed consent, the PCSI, COPM and BIPQ were administered preintervention at the first appointment in week 0 and were repeated immediately postintervention in the week 6 appointment. The PCSI was also administered at week 3 to measure interim change. The CSQ-8 and adapted TUQ were sent via email following the final appointment in week 6. Parents were asked to attend the first appointment to provide informed consent and the final appointment; additional parental involvement in intervention procedures was determined by the family. Participants were offered a gift card and high school volunteer hours as a token of appreciation.
Data analysis
Participant demographics and history were summarised descriptively. Feasibility indicator results were summarised using frequencies/ratios and were compared against the success criteria (table 1). Descriptive statistics were used to summarise preintervention to postintervention changes on the PCSI, COPM and BIPQ. Changes on the COPM were evaluated in relation to the clinically significant change of 2 or more points on performance and satisfaction scores.31
Patient and public involvement
Patients and the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, dissemination plans of this research.
Results
Sample
The final study sample consisted of three adolescents (ages 14–17 years, n=2 female) who ranged from 5 weeks to 24 weeks postconcussion and continued to experience symptoms at enrolment. One parent participated alongside each adolescent (all mothers). See table 2 for participant characteristics.
Participant characteristics
Process
Recruitment
Five families contacted the research team regarding the study. Four participants were screened for eligibility; all met the inclusion criteria and were invited to enrol. One family was unreachable following screening and thus not enrolled. Three participants recruited from four invited represented a 75% recruitment rate, demonstrating success for the recruitment criterion.
Retention
All participants (100%) were retained until completion of all study procedures. The 90% retention criterion was thus met.
Adherence
All adolescent participants completed all study appointments. Response rates for the daily activity log surveys were 84%, 56% and 98% for participant 1 (P1), participant 2 (P2) and participant 3 (P3), respectively. The mean number of exercise sessions completed per week was 3.44 (SD=2.15, median=4). Of the 18 exercise sessions prescribed, P1 reported completing 16 sessions; P2 reported completing 14 sessions; and P3 reported completing 32 sessions. Adherence criteria were thus met for P1 and P3 and approached for P2.
Resource
Technology usability
Usability was rated above the success criterion of 85% by P2 and parent (both 94%) and by P3 and parent (both 98%). Usability was rated lower by P1 (73%) and parent (80%) due to technical problems (ie, poor internet connection). All adolescents and parents rated 5/7 or higher in agreement that videoconferencing was appropriate for delivering the intervention, and 5/7 or higher in agreement that telerehabilitation saved them time travelling to concussion specialists.
Science
Postconcussion symptoms
All three adolescent participants demonstrated decreases in postconcussion symptoms (PCSI) from preintervention to postintervention (figure 1). Symptom reduction was most pronounced from week 0 to week 3 for all participants. P2 had a slightly higher symptom score at week 6 compared with week 3 (32 and 29, respectively), but the symptoms at these time points were similar to those endorsed for the preinjury rating.
PCSI scores. Note: lower scores indicate lower symptom severity. PCSI, Postconcussion Symptom Inventory
Illness perception
All three adolescent participants showed lower scores on the BIPQ from preintervention to postintervention, indicating more favourable perceptions of their condition (figure 2). P2 and P3 reported almost entirely favourable perceptions at week 6 (BIPQ score=4 and 2, respectively), while P1 continued to endorse some negative perceptions (BIPQ score=36).
BIPQ scores. Note: lower scores indicate more positive perceptions. BIPQ, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire.
Occupational performance
COPM scores are shown in table 3. Some details were substituted to protect participant privacy (eg, lacrosse changed to ice hockey). Participants reported a variety of occupational performance issues related to productivity and leisure. Clinically significant changes (≥2 points) in occupational performance were observed from preintervention to postintervention for P1 and P3. P2 approached a clinically significant change (1.75-point improvement). All participants reported clinically significant changes in satisfaction. Due to the COVID-19 lockdown measures, P3 was unable to access a pool beyond week 2, which limited postintervention ratings for swimming.
Performance and satisfaction ratings for self-identified occupational performance issues (Canadian Occupational Performance Measure)
Satisfaction
The 90% satisfaction criterion was met for P1 (90%) and the parents of P2 and P3 (both 94%). Satisfaction ratings from P2 (88%) and P3 (85%) approached the 90% target. The parent of P1 reported slightly lower satisfaction (75%). All adolescents rated that the programme ‘helped a great deal’ or ‘helped somewhat’ to deal more effectively with concussion and indicated that they would ‘definitely’ recommend the programme to others. P2 and P3 identified education/support as the most helpful aspect of the programme, while P1 chose the aerobic component.
Adverse events
No adverse events were reported by the participants at any point. Two participants experienced symptom exacerbation during their first or second exercise session that subsided within the 24-hour period and therefore were not considered adverse events.
Discussion
This study explored the feasibility of a remotely delivered Tele-AR intervention for adolescents with concussion. Results based on a priori indicators suggest that the Tele-AR intervention may be a feasible approach in this population. Participants reported positive changes in postconcussion symptoms, illness perception and occupational performance from preintervention to postintervention.
Results from this study extend prior research supporting a telehealth approach to exercise for youth with concussion.33 The Mobile Subthreshold Exercise Programme intervention used heart rate monitors and weekly video appointments to guide adolescents in adjusting exercise parameters based on their symptoms, which was found to be tolerable and acceptable.33 The Tele-AR intervention trains similar self-monitoring skills and provides a structured and supervised exercise programme for those without access to exercise testing or heart rate monitors. High satisfaction ratings and the lack of adverse events reported here suggest that this approach may also be safe and appropriate. Together, these findings highlight the potential for telehealth approaches that support youth to safely monitor and progress postconcussion rehabilitative exercise at home.
Improvements in symptoms and occupational performance reported by our participants are comparable to previous in-person active rehabilitation studies,4 9–15 indicating that the intervention may have similar beneficial effects when delivered remotely. Performance improved across a variety of activities commonly limited by concussion, including sport/exercise, schoolwork and leisure hobbies.4 Tailored education and support were essential to ensuring individualisation of the intervention and extending beyond exercise to address activities that were meaningful to each participant. Indeed, two participants identified education/support as the most helpful component, which is consistent with previous work in which youth highlighted energy management strategies as essential to active rehabilitation.34 Understanding adolescents’ ongoing symptoms and activity limitations is key to tailoring a comprehensive active rehabilitation approach.
Improvements in illness perception further underscore the importance of education/support. Poor understanding of concussion and negative injury perceptions are associated with prolonged recovery.29 In this study, all participants endorsed negative perceptions of their injuries at week 0 but showed lower scores (ie, more positive perceptions) after the intervention. While cognitive–behavioural approaches are known to improve illness perception and related behaviours in concussed adolescents,35 to our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest that illness perception may be responsive to tailored education and support combined with supervised exercise among adolescents with concussion. The education/support component, which focused on self-management strategies and active recovery, may have contributed to more positive injury beliefs, facilitating safe activity engagement. Mastery experiences during exercise could have also contributed by increasing perceived competence and autonomy. Further study is needed to explore these relationships.
This study adds to emerging literature regarding telehealth in concussion management.36–38 Adoption of telehealth has been slow in concussion research and clinical care, perhaps due to beliefs that screens should be avoided during recovery. However, current evidence indicates that strict avoidance of screen use is not necessary beyond 24–48 hours postconcussion.39 40 In our study, screen use was apparently tolerated by participants, as ratings of technology usability and satisfaction were high and there were no adverse events. In another study, adolescent and caregiver ratings of therapeutic alliance and satisfaction were similar between concussion visits conducted in-person and via telehealth.37 Communication strategies that honour patient autotomy (eg, eliciting perspectives, demonstrating active listening and encouraging questions) can help build rapport in telehealth encounters.37 Clinicians providing telehealth services for concussion should also be mindful of individual screen tolerance and schedule appointments appropriately, including breaks as needed.
Considerations and future directions
This study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic (recruitment May 2020–March 2021) when concussion care-seeking was reduced due to lockdown measures,41 which may have impacted recruitment. The small sample size limited interpretation of process outcomes. Nevertheless, results were consistent with previous in-person active rehabilitation literature and provided preliminary evidence to guide the design of future studies. Further study including a larger sample size and control group is necessary to evaluate this approach. Adherence to the home programme should be interpreted cautiously due to mixed response rates to activity log surveys and potential biases from self-reporting. Adherence should be explored further, including the impact of telehealth visits.
Conclusions
The Tele-AR intervention appears feasible in a small group of adolescents with concussion, and positive changes were observed in postconcussion symptoms, illness perception and occupational performance. This study is the first step towards evaluation and clinical implementation of Tele-AR, which may enable access to care that supports recovery and return to activity among adolescents with concussion.
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request.
Ethics statements
Patient consent for publication
Ethics approval
This study involves human participants and was approved by University of Toronto Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (REB) (REB reference number 00039179). Participants gave informed written consent to participate in the study before taking part.
Acknowledgments
We thank the families who participated in this research and the OAK concussion lab team (University of Toronto). We also acknowledge the contributions of former University of Toronto Master of Professional Kinesiology students Joe Pendleton and Olivia Kitchener.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors JS contributed to the study design, recruited participants, administered the intervention, completed the data collection and analysis, and drafted and revised the manuscript. MGH and EN contributed to the study design, assisted with data analysis and revised the manuscript. NR and AH generated the theoretical basis for the study, contributed to the study design, assisted with recruitment and data analysis, and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript. AH is the guarantor and accepts full responsibility for the work, had access to the data, and controlled the decision to publish.
Funding This research was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship Master’s); Ontario Graduate Scholarship and the Hilda and William Courtney Clayton Paediatric Fund.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.